THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


fc.  0.  BAKER 

LAWYER 
-LAS,  TEXAS 


PRACTICE-BOOK    SERIES. 


TJ.  C.  S. 

UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE 

WITH 

KEY  AND   QUESTIONS. 

New  and  Enlarged  Edition. 


BY 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM,  A.M.,  M.D., 

Anthor  of  Standard  Phonograph)/,  and  for  many  years  Verbatim  Reporter 
of  Legislative,  Legal,  Political,  Technical,  Scientific,  and  Religious 
Matters ;  Editor  of  many  volumes  of  Periodicals—from  1853  to 
1893  (et  seq.,  The  Universal  Phonographer,  The  Cosmotype, 
The  Phonographic  Intelligencer,  The  Visitor,  The  Stu- 
dent's Journal) ,  devoted  principally  to  Phonographic, 
Phonetic,  and  Reporting  Matters ;  and  Author 
of  Brief  Longhand,  Synopsis  of  English 
Grammar,  Phonographic  Numerals, 
Etc.',  Etc. 


NEW  YORK : 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM  &  Co.,  744  BROADWAY. 

1896. 


Copyright,    1896, 
BY  ANDREW  J.   GRAHAM   &   CO. 

All  rights  reserved. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1887, 

BY   ANDREW  J.   GRAHAM, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION         -                                   -  iii 

COPYING  BOOKS  ix  MONASTEKIES        -  5 

OBITUARY  OF  HENRY  FAWCETT      -----          9 

jjj        PRECIOUS  OLD  MANUSCRIPTS  -  15 

1^3        How  MUCH  SLEEP?  ------        20 

to 

MIRTH  AS  A  MEDICINE                         ....  23 

K        MANUFACTURE  OF  OPTICAL  GLASS             -            -            -  -        29 

S       CHECKED  PERSPIRATION                        ....  33 

j       ITEMS  OF  INTEREST                                     -  41 

Law  of  Periodicity                        ....  12 

American  Inventions                           -            -            -  13 

Honesty     -                                                                              -  13 

Riches                                                   -  -        22 

Education                                       -  26 

Man  -        27 

Quotation  from  Bailey    -            -            -            -  32 

«»J  Coffee  -  ...         41 

Dr.  Flint  on  Beef  Tea    -  41 

*•                  When  and  How  to  Head      -  41 

Cocaine      -  42 

Home  Remedies         -  -        43 

Growth  of  Children  in  Fever    -                         -  43 

Accumulation  of  Wealth  in  the  United  States     -  -        44 

Railroad  Accidents  in  the  United  States         -            -  44 


448525 


CONTENTS. 

ITEMS  OF  INTEREST. — Continued:  PACE 

Artificial  Stone                                    '-            -            -  -        4-i 

Glucose      -  45 

Spiders                                      -                        •  -        45 

Floating  Bricks    ...  46 

ASIATIC  CHOLERA   -                        ...  -        47 

THE  TALLEST  TREE  IN  THE  WORLD  •  59 

LEISURE  HOURS    -                                                   •  63 

LOVE  OF  APPLAUSE      -  65 

SALT  .....        69 

LAMARTINE       -                                   ....  75 

SCIENTIFIC  MISCELLANY      -                                    -  80 

Photography  of  the  Stars                         ...  80 

Domestication  of  the  Horse                         -            -  81 

Number  of  Species  of  Flowering  Plants  82 

Copper,  and  Infectious  Diseases     -  82 

Experiments  with  Peat  -  ... 

Balloon  Experiments  -        83 

Cooling  Buildings  by  the  Heat  of  the  Sun    -  84 

Northeastern  Siberia                                                      -  -        84 

Mineral  Wealth  of  Tonquin  85 

A  Perpetual  Clock     -  85 

Herr  Brunner  on  Dynamo-Electric  Machines  86 

THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  TIME        -  90 

How  TO  SLEEP                                                   ...  96 

SAND  ....        98 

THE  MILKY  WAY  108 

LIBRARIES   ------.--      110 


INTRODUCTION-. 


The  Exercises  in  the  U.  C.  S.  (Urivocalized-Correspond- 
ing  Style)  are  intended  for  use  after  the  pupil  has  gone 
through  the  First  Reader,  and  are  calculated  to  exercise 
him  in  vocalization  especially,  and  in  learning  to  read 
unvocalizcd  outlines,  as  a  useful  preparation  for  entering 
upon  the  study  of  the  reporting  style. 

To  make  a  still  nearer  approach  to  the  reporting  style, 
these  Exercises  are  in  the  acs  (advanced-corresponding 
style),  which  is  characterized — 

1.  By  the  use  of  Mel,  Net,  Eel.    (See  the  Hand-Book, 

§161,  Kern.  2.) 

2.  By  the  occasional  omission  of  unaccented  vowels, 

and  even  accented  vowels  of  well-known  forms. 
(See  Hand-Book,  §239. ) 

3.  By  the  considerable  use  of  phrase-writing. 

4.  By  the  use  of  a  few  word-signs  in  addition  to  those 

of  the  corresponding  style — such  as  are  indica- 
ted in  the  Standard-Phonographic  Dictionary 
after  ac ;  such  as  the  A-tick  on  the  line  for  he. 

The  mode  of  using  these  Exercises  should  be  as 
follows  : 

1.  Read  the  phonography  with  but  little  reference  to 


iv  INTRODUCTION. 

the  key ;  and  when  it  can  be  read  with  great 
readiness,  then — 

2.  Copy  and  vocalize  the  outlines  ;  answer  the  ques- 

tions; and  study  carefully  those  portions  of 
the  Hand-Book  suggested,  or  referred  to  by 
the  questions  —  especially  if  you  find  your 
memory  of  I  he  substance  of  the  instruction  is 
not  perfect:  the  mere  memorizing  of  tin- 
words  is  not  insisted  upon  or  valued.  When 
you  have  familiarized  the  outlines  by  repeat- 
edly copying  and  vocalizing  them,  then — 

3.  Test  the  thoroughness  of  your  study  and  practice 

by  writing  each  exercise  from  the  Key.  using 
the  proper  outlines,  vocalizing  them  at  first. 
then  dropping  all  but  the  accented  vowels, 
and  even  these  at  last. 

It  is  by  no  means  intended  that,  in  the  vocalization, 
the  student  should  vocalize  the  word-signs,  contractions, 
prefixes,  or  affixes.  This  would  be  an  error.  To  get 
those  signs  as  familiar  as  possible,  review  each  day  the 
Lists  in  the  Hand-Book,  or  in  the  Synopsis,  or  in  the 
Little  Teacher.  The  latter,  a  little  pocket-size  book,  is 
very  valuable  in  making  such  reviews,  not  only  for  its 
miniature  size  and  portableness,  but  for  its  concise  pre- 
sentation and  engraving  of  the  Lists,  and  also  for  its 
brief  presentation  and  illustration  of  the  other  chief 
corresponding-style  principles. 


UNVOCAUZED   CORRESPOXDIXU    STYLE.  5 

COPYING    BOOKS    IN    MONASTERIES. 

(The  figures  >,  '-*,  »,  etc.,  »r/<r  to  A'otes  af  Wte  e«<i  o/Me  text.) 

The  religious  orders  had 
the  monopoly  almost1  of  the 
copying  of  books  ;  for,  the 
number  of  laymen  possess- 
ing the  requisite  skill  and 
learning2  was  very  limited. 
Some  orders,  such  as  the3 
Carthusian4  monks,  made  it 
/•  i  one  of  their  chief  duties5,  as 

L       I  ,  o  v. 

they  depended  entirely  on 
the  pay  derived6  from  their7 
labors  to  keep  themselves 
independent  of  all  charity. 
In  every  abbey  or  other 
religious  house  the  inmates 
were  allotted  certain  tasks, 
varying  according  to  their 
mental  and  physical  qual- 
ifications8;  but  the  task9 
that  was  most  highly  es- 
teemed10,  and  which  pro- 
vided constant  employment, 
'  "^.  >x-^  x  was  copying  books.  A  room 

called  the  scriptorium  was 
specially  set  apart11  for  the 


UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

monks1  to  pursue  their  la- 
bors in,  and  here  they  would 
«v  I  v  c.       meet  every  day  for  a  certain 

number   of   hours.      These 
-N      c  ^_^  <-\    c     rooms  were  sometimes  fur- 
nished2 with  stone  or  wood- 
*       en  desks,  fixed  to  the  walls 
round  the3  room,  but  before 
(    ,    \^  J    -  c   1     desks  were  introduced,  the 
only  supports  on  which  the 
/       X,   _  \>   )     copyists4  could  place  their 
books    were    their    knees. 
*   '    x    *)  r^\  V^=     There  was  always  a  fixed 
number  of  transcribers,  and 
.  "~^-  ^  —  ?     •"•      whenever  a  vacancy  occur- 
red through  death  or  any 
—  >"        I)  ^  other  cause,   it  was   filled5 

up    immediately.      It    was 

ML  —  \  x   \ 

usual  to  intrust  the6  copying 

^_          of  books  for  the  choir,  and 
l>  '  s    those  not  demanding  great 

skill7,    to    boys    and    nov- 


\_          ^  ,~ 

ices;    but  missals,   Bibles, 
and    books    requiring   the8 
highest     skill     and     learn- 
s  ing,  were  only  executed  by 

—   ^  ^       priests    of    mature    years 


V 


UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  1 

^       and  great  experience.    The 
monks    were     enjoined    to 
^  f  t  (  •)     proceed  with   their  labors 

in  strict  silence,  that  their 
/  —  i  ^  L    attention  might  not  be  dis- 
tracted1   from    their  work, 
"  '  "  ^-x—  N  ,   and  to  avoid  as  far  as  pos- 
sible any  errors  in  grammar, 
"  ,  '    V^i     x  "  "  f~^   _D     spelling,    or    punctuation. 

In  some  cases,  authors  prc- 

)   \—  v    *)   (/~°  CL^    £,    ,     fixed  to  their  works  solemn 

adjurations  to  those  whose 

„>      ills    J      (  „  ^_  ^~i  t   duty  it  was  to  transcribe 

them.     For  instance,  Iren- 

v/*^  /\      "  "  /   [     ,  }     aeus  wrote  :   "ladjurethee 

who   shalt    transcribe   this 

j        ^  \  _  \        ^  ^  <-—  >      book,    by  our  Lord   Jesus 

Christ,  and  by  his  glorious 

~\    o  ,  coming  to  judge  the  quick 

/  and   the    dead,    that    thou 

(  \      5         1  compare   what    thou  tran- 

1  ^  "~\  '    scribest,  and  correct  it  care- 

^  _  ,_,   _    _  fully  according  to  the  copy 

from  which  thou  transcrib- 
est.  and  that  thou  also  an- 

T  /^ 

nex  a  copy  of  this  adjura- 
n    tion2  to    what    thou    hast3 
x   '--(--°  ^  written." 


UNVOCALIZED   CORliESPONJUMf    STYLE. 

_/>  i         Every  possible  precaution 

was  taken  to  ensure  si  rid 
accuracy  in  the  copies,  and 
it  was  the  duty  of  certain 
monks  to  examine  and  com- 
pare carefully  every  copy 
with  the  original.  Other 
monks,  again,  had  to  busy 
themselves  with  illuminat- 
ing the  copies,  and  others 
with  binding  them.  A 
beautiful  specimen  of  the 
skill  of  the  priests,  is  tin- 
copy  of  the  Gospels,  pre- 
served in  the  Cotton  Li- 
brary, which  was  written  by 
^  x  ^~-—>  ;  Aedirid,  Bishop  of  Durham. 
The  illumination,  the  capita] 
letters,  the  pictures  of  the 

c v        0     evangelists,  were  executed 

with  consummate   skill   by 

/    >  <^  his    successor,    Ethelwold1. 

1  "'  '       "'"  '    and  the  whole  when  finished, 

\      o        .     - -      c      was  bound   by  Dilfrid.    the 

anchorite,    with    gold    and 

~^  „    .  silver  plates'  and  precious 

-  W'     stones.  —  The  Billiograph rr\ 


.Y VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STl'LE. 


OBITUARY    OF    HENRY    FAWCETT. 

With  the  death  of  the 
Right  Hon.  Henry  Fawcett 
passes  away  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  men  of 
recent1  days.  Mr.  Fawcett 
was  born  at  Salisbury  [Solz' 
bed],  England,  in  1833, 
and  was2  educated  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  whence  he 
graduated  with  high  mathe- 
matical honors  in  1856.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  chosen 

</^    v_          ""7  x  _.(...  _/""        a  Fellow3  of   his    college. 

Though  an  earnest4  student, 

J   ^    <o    U.   x    V  "  '    ^  \fx   he5  found  time  to  indulge  in 

field    sports.       When    out 

^   .      j      ^~"    l^  ^    /sss      shooting,  in  the  autumn  of 

1858,  he  met  with  an  ac- 
-, p   c    i    i          x    P    °    cident  that  totally  deprived 

"^  J  H        K^      ^ — -^  I      X 

him  of  sight.     His  interest 
v*  ^_x  v  ,  ^   -s     in  public  affairs  and  social" 

V      V         -e^     C_p     ^-^> 

>f          j  science7     remained8     alive 

,-*  ^    after    this     great    mislbr- 

(,  tune,  ami  he  devised  means 


1U  IX VOCALIZED    COllRESruXDlX'}   XTl'LE. 

"\  \  °   I  x  ^.~^   v,  C     f°r  keeping  up  his  studies1. 

Within  a  year  after  the  loss 
of  his  ryr.-ight  he  up] »eared 
in  politics  as  ir  Liberal, 
competing  lor  the  privilege 
to  represent  South wark  in 
Parliament.  Having  been 
defeated,  he  applied  himself 
vigorously  to  the  study  and 
discussion  of  economic  top- 
ics, contributing  many  art- 
icles to  the  magazines,  and 
finally  presenting  to  the 
world  his  ••Manual  of  Pol- 
itical Econonry,"  and  "The 
Economic  Position  of  the 
British  Laborer.''  Mean- 
while he  had  been  elected 
Professor  of  Political  Econ- 
omy in  Cambridge,  and  after 
several  defeats  had  got 
into  Parliament  as  the  rep- 
resentative of  Brighton, 

/\l   Ly-  f   /s/4*  ^    which  constituency  he  rep- 
resented continuously  until 

j  £->  ^n  ^       I  1874.     At  the  general  elec- 

0  ^  ' '  tion   in   that  year   he  was 

^_/    defeated,  but  in  the  follow- 

"^    ^    £-,  ^  — _  x  °    r~       ing  year  lie  was  elected  for 

Hackney.     1 1  is  literary  la- 

^\  ,  \  \          bors  were  stimulated  rather 

'         \»      <        a—^ 


-than3  checked  by  his  public 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  11 

^.     Ql!       ^  _        work.       He     revised    his 
"  Manual  1     of     Political 

"   I        /        ^   LO     Economy,"    adding    to    it 

chapters  on  national  educa- 

/-*>    •*)  "*-*    '  V         tion  and  the  poor  laws,  and 

,      /  Y__* 

their  influence  on  pauper- 


ism.     The  chapter  on  the 
latter  topic  he  subsequently 
~\  "~1   A_  ,  7   D    xl       expanded  into  a  book,  and 

he  also  wrote  a  work  en- 

.J~     ^J  ""  ^   -v_o"x     titled  "  Free  Trade  and  Pro- 
/     tection."    His  wife  assisted 
him  in  all  his  literary  labors 
after  1867,  and  he  and  she 
/£67  ,  -7  -      <~  fy    have  jointly  published  a  vol- 
ume of  essavs  and  lectures. 
Mr.  Gladstone  took  Mr.  Faw- 
cett  into  the  Cabinet  as  Post- 
T  ^1    master  General  about  four 

years  ago,  and  the  improve- 
mcntsthat  lie  has  introduced 


(    -i   M    v^X,     (        into  the  postal  service  have 

C  I  S 

much  more   than  justified 

~*  i    5   £~  his   selection    to    fill    that 

important     office.          The 

I  death  of  Mr.  Fawcett  was 


12  US  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE. 

~~f    ^    \X)   ^_^      ,   x         caused     by     pleurisy    and 

pneumonia. 


THE  doctrine  which  Buckle 
was  among  the  first  to  form- 
ulate, and  which  the  late 
John  William  Draper  en- 
forced, that  certain  crimes 
come  under  the  law  of  pe- 
riodicity, may  have1  some 
element  of  truth,  but  cannot 
be  wholly  accepted.  It  is 
to  be  remembered  that  the 
newspapers,  b}'  an  organ- 
ization coterminous  with 
the  country,  gather  and 

V *    '     "7  disseminate     social2    facts. 

The  knowledge  of  criminal 
-— t  V,,  "~\,x  ^     methods   begets    imitation. 
One    runaway    match    Avill 

x^  ^    f    ^  /\  set  the  reporters  to  luridly 

write   up    anything    which 

/I  \  *~/^  /  -P    -  ^  has  a  suspicion  of  elopement 

^~>x  about  it.  It  is  sometimes 
a  wave  of  reporting  which 
passes  over  the  country,  and 
not  a  wave  of  scandals  and 
escapades. 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE.  13 

AN  English  journal  frank- 
ly gives  credit  to  the  Amer- 
ican nation  for  at  least 
fifteen  inventions  and  dis- 
coveries which,  it  says, 
have  been  adopted  all  over 
the  world.  These  triumphs 
of  American  genius  arc 
thus  enumerated  :  First, 
the  cotton  -  gin  ;  second, 
the  planing-  machine ; 
third,  the  grass  -  mower 
and  grain-reaper ;  fourth, 
the  rotary  printing-press ; 
fifth,  navigation  by  steam  ; 
sixth,  the  hot-air  or 
caloric  engine ;  seventh, 
sewing  -  machine  ;  eighth, 
the  india-rubber  (vulcanite 
process)  industry ;  ninth, 
the  machine  manufacture 
of  horseshoes' ;  tenth,  the 
sand-blast  for  carving; 
-  c— *•  ,  f^~~i  , '  ~~^l  •,  I ,  eleventh,  the  guage-lathc  ; 

twelfth,  the  grain  elevator  ; 
thirteenth,     artificial2     ice 


U  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


-,         „    ^^  i  manufacture    on    a    large 

~1  /  '  scale ;  fourteenth,  the  elec- 

/-"'•>    n  «\        \          (    tro-magnet  and  its  practical 

~~1  ;   application ;    fifteenth,    the 

type  -  composing     machine 
for  printers1. 


^^        .   j  —  ALWAYS  go  the  shortest 

way  to  work.      Now,    the 

^^  ,.       nearest  road  to  your2  busi- 

V  ness  lies  through  honesty. 

Let    it    be3  your  constant 

r  method  then  to  deal  clearly 

and  abovcboard. — The  Em- 
x     peror*  Antoninus6. 


UNVOCALIZED    CORRESPONDING   STYJ^E.  15 


PRECIOUS    OLD    MANUSCRIPTS. 

,  ,,  c         When  the  fifty-one1  parch- 

2,  incut  rolls  covered  with  dim, 

iii  some  instances  almost 
illegible2,  Hebrew  charac- 
ters of  a  strange  archaic3 
type,  came  into  the  posses- 
si011'*  °f  tne  Imperial  Lib- 
rary at  St.  Petersburg,  the 
Librarian,  not  unnaturally5, 
viewed  them  with  some 
,\ox'<7X"'x<l  suspicion.  The  story  of 
a  Rhodian6  sailor  having 
^  (  V_  )  L  brought  them  to  the  Black 
Sea  was  not  calculated  to 

_\.:  V     .^r     ,   V inspire7  confidence  in  those 

who  are  familiar  with  the 
/          cunning  of  the  Greeks,  arid 
the  reputation  which  those 
of   that    particular    island 
bears.     There  seems,   how- 
^x-  ever,    no    reason    to   doubt 
that,  whatever  may  be  their9 

history,    Oria    Bashan,    of 

the10  ship,  Ekaterina  Koupa, 


16  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

was  an1  { '  innocent  holder, " 
and  that  his  father,  from 
whom  he  inherited  the 
"amulets,"  obtained  them, 
after  the  Great  Fire,  from 
a  private  house,  or  from  a 
synagogue2,  in  some  manner 
which  it  is  not  material  to 
the  present  issue  to  discuss. 

J   x    J— o  *    (>    */       \-^7J?.  The  story  is  by  no  means3 

improbable.  No  doubt 
many  ancient  manuscripts 
still  lie  concealed  in  the  re- 
moter parts  of  the  Levant, 
as  was  shown  by  the  fact 
that  Tischendorf  discovered 
the  precious  Codex  Sinaiti- 
cus  in  the  Monastery  of  St. 
Catherine,  on  Mount  Sinai, 
after  this  collection  had 
been  pretty  well  ransacked 
by  curious4  scholars4;  and 
the  Jews,  jealous4  of  the 
Christian  and  Moslem  popu- 
lations In-  whom  they  are 

v  i  surrounded5,  would  be  even 

.     J\  more  careful  to  keep  their 

Holy  Book  from  unhallowed 
eyes. 


I 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  17 

^ ^XJ    ^rT    ^\         Only1  fragments    of   the 

Rhodian   rolls    have    been 
*-v    •'<•    deciphered.    But  Dr.  Hark- 
avy  is  enabled  to  pronounce 
£-*,  t  c7,   them  to   be   parts   of   the 
Books  of  Jeremiah2,  Hosea, 

\  ,    / ,  }—/ ,    -         Joel,      Obadiah,      Haggai, 
Zachariah,    Ruth,    Esther, 

I  A  k  c,      /] 

->  '     '  '     (_ , '  Daniel,  Isaiah3,  and  Zepha- 

niah,  with  an  original  poem 
on  the  Fall  of  Jerusalem,  fol- 
lowing the  "Lamentations" 

c  .     c 1       ^—-r    <\ 

on  the  same  subject.  The 
characters  in  which  they 
are  written  differ  consider- 
ably from  the  .Hebrew  at 
present  in  use.  But,  though 
the  manuscripts  appear  to 
be  of  different  ages,  the 
newest  of  them  is  believed 
to  date  from  a  period  not 
later  than  the  second  cen- 
tury after  Christ,  and  to  be 
the  work  of  Jews  belonging 
y_,  = — ^  ^  _^/<^~*  ^  to  some  isolated  colony  of 

their  countrymen. 

I      -x  .        •  /-^  j Dr.    Harkavy  has    com- 

1       V  menced  the  laborious  task 


3 


18  UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

of  comparing  his  precious 
Hebrew  manuscripts  of  por- 
tions of  the  Old  Testament 
with  the  received  text,  and 

\   ^  9  ^f  "~G  "^^"V        "  "    nas    alreatly   lighted   upon 

variations     interesting     in 

P      <_,    -    °s      — p         themselves,  and  significant 

*         of  what  may  be  expected 
when   the   comparison  has 


extended  to  as  many  books 
as  it  at  present  covers 
verses.  And  there  is  good 
reason  to  hope  that  the  re- 
sult of  Dr.  Harkavy's  dis- 
covery may  be  very  exten- 
sive emendations  of  the  Old 
Testament. 

The  parchments  number 
fifty-one,  and  a  close  inspec- 
tion shows  that  some  are 
much  older  than  others  : 
for,  not  only1  arc  the 
skins  themselves  in  vari- 
ous  states  (which  might 
be  accounted2  for  by  acci- 

\    j.     •    — R    \  —o    dents    or    exposure),    but 

the     characters    employed 

^   i  /    i  i     r  «\        vaiT  considerably,  showing 

Xs  '  '  a3  gradual  approach  to  the 


UNVOCAL1ZED  CORRESPONDING   STYLE.  19 

/  square  writing  of  the  ordin- 
ary Hebrew,  to  which,  how- 
ever, they  are  evidently 

anterior1.      The  characters 
?~> 

used  in  the  most  recent  of 

them  originated   not  later 
than    the    second    century 
S       alter   Christ;    and    this   is 
confirmed  by  the  fact  that 
some    letters    are    almost 
identical  with  those  known 
"4~         --Vg— -)~  to  ]iave  i)een  uscc|  jn  jeru- 

e_       salein  in  the  first  century2 
before  Christ. 
As  to  the  variations,  they 

may  be  due,  as  the  Profes- 

<±  &       /        /^   s  i 

-  5  --  sor  remarks,  either  to  later 

v., .  ^^      corrections  or  to  the  anti- 

>  '  NX     I   I =     ',       I 

quity  and  purity  of  the  text ; 


D    (     'V~&  -\---S       ^ut  in  an3' casc  * ne3'  promise 

to  be  both  interesting  and 
t-  :         valuable.— The  Healthside. 


20  UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


HOW   MUCH   SLEEP? 

C   ^-^  x        On    this    question   every 

one   is    a    law  to  himself. 

°  ,     I— 

The  only  true  rule  is,  take 

~\_    x     r   ,  __  ^  ^  ,  enough1.  Old  Mother  Means, 

in    Egglcston's     '  •  Hoosicr 

c  —  P  "  ^  i)          ~\     ^-^ 

"^>l     vo  "  Schoolmaster,"  advised  her 

=--    \      ,     C"C^  husband  when  buying  cheap 

land,  "  While  yer  a  gettin\ 
get  a  plenty2."    So  say  we 

in  regard  to  sleep,  a  full3 
C\       C      "T   7  ° 

A.     quantity  of  which  is  more 

\/    *         •  ^     valuable  than  the    randest 

-"    tro       v' 


prairie  farms  the  sun  ever 
J     NX  shone  upon. 

It  is  during  the  wakeful 

I      n       ^-\_     "~^     ^     ^C 

hours  that  the  muscles  and 

^—  i       P     -^x    _  D       r)       the    nervous    system    and 

brain  expend  their  energies. 

*   x    ^—  /^  "^   N^   /  Muscles  are  partially  recrui- 

x  ted  during  the  day  by  nour- 

ishment taken,  but  the  great 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  21 

/—  *_-,     -iv    P  recuperating  work  of  the 

nerves  and  brain  is  done 

C\  x  f  /~~\)  ^  ]  r  during  sleep.  Such  re- 
cuperation must  at  least 
equal  the  expenditure  made 
through  the  day1,  or  else 

wastes,  withers.      Persons 
who,  in  early  English  his- 
U          I   \-  Vx    tory,   were    condemned  to 
death  by  being  prevented 
CV\  i"  /"V  '  /     from  sleeping,  always  died 
raving2  maniacs.     Persons 
Sj  who  are  starved  to  death 

suffer  brain  starvation  also, 
and  pass  into  hallucinations 
and  then  into  insanity.' 

Get  plenty  of  sleep,  then. 
Better  an  hour  too  much 
than  half  an  hour  too 
little.  Don't  carry  to 
bed  a  day's  business,  the 
supper  of  a  gourmand, 
»  the  whirl  of  a  ballroom, 


UN  VOCALIZED   OOXtBESPONDING  STYLE. 

or  the  cares  that  should  be 
passed  over  to  (Jod's  merei- 
ful  keeping.  Free  mind 
and  body  from  these,  lie 
down  and  rest  in  quietude. 
and  so  awake  refreshed 
next  morning  lor  the  duties 
of  the  day.  —  The  Healthside. 

RICH  KS.  —  \Y  hoe ver  shall 
look  hccdfully  upon  those 
who  are  eminent  for  their 
riches,  will  not  think  their 
condition  such  as  that 
he  should  hazard  his  quiet, 
and  much  less  his  virtue  to 
obtain  it ;  -for,  all  that  great 
wealth  generally  gives  a- 
bove  a  moderate  fortune  is 
more  room  for  the  freaks  of 
caprice,  and  more  privilege 
for  ignorance  and  vice ; 
quicker  succession  of  flat- 
teries ;  and  a  larger  circle  of 
voluptuousness. — Johnson1. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


MIHTTI  AS  A  MEDICINE. 

-  - -(^--  — :>  Mirth  has  a  hygienic  value 
that  can  hardly  be  overrated 
while  our  social  life  remains 
what  the  slavery  of  vices 
and  dogmas  has  made  it. 
Joy  has  been  called  the  sun- 
shine of  the  heart ;  yet  the 
same  sun  that  calls  forth1 
the  flowers  of  a  plant  is  also 
needed  to  expand  its  leaves 
and  ripen  its  fruits ;  and 

V 

without  the  stimulus  of  ex- 
o     hilarating    pastimes,    per- 
fect   bodily    health    is    as 
- — x  impossible    as    moral    and 
mental  vigor.    And  as  sure 
as    a    succession    of    uni- 
form   crops    will    exhaust 
the    best    soil,    the    daily 
repetition  of  a  monotonous 


24  UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

occupation  will  wear  out 
the  best  man.  Body1  and 
mind  require  an  occasional 
change  of  employment  or 
else  a  liberal  supply  of  fer- 
tilizing recreations  ;  and 
this  requirement  is  a  factor 
whose  omission  often  foils 
the  arithmetic  of  our  politi- 
x  cal  economists.  To  the 
creatures  of  the  wilderness, 
J  affliction  comes  generally  in 
the  form  of  impending  dan- 
J?  -  -  ger  —  famine  or  persistent 
persecution  ;  and  under 
such  circumstances  the 

CP    •    "Wy  'Vv  *~"VV.N    modifications  of   the  vital 

process    seem    to    operate 

—  =,    l>    O    L>v_p    C  ~  —     aainst    its    long    continu- 


ance  ;   well-wishing  nature 

-  -  _-     >i      L        7 

\Q  "   sees  her  purposes  defeated, 


the  sap  of  life  runs  to  seed. 
,    On    the     same    principle, 


—  *      I 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  25 

*—  P  x    /--o   1    <*~~V      1  °\       an     existence     of    joyless 

r  U  N    ^J      \  —  p 

drudgery   seems    to    drain 

"   (\    Sr?_-.|__   7    ^~1_-,    1  the  springs  of  health,  even  at 
P  an  age  when  they  can1  draw 

\      f  —  N     ^—^       Jr 

^     /  upon  the  largest  inner  re- 

i      \  (   ~~\    I     sources.      Hope,  too  often 

V^>          >^)--l^i__       V|        ---     IX 

baffled,  at  last  withdraws2 

(^   -^   A    \    -^_^  ^"^  N  her  aid.    The  tongue  may  be 

attuned  to  canting  hvmns 

" 
of  consolation,  but  the  heart 

cannot  be    deceived  ;    and 
with  its  sinking  pulse  the 
\o  -i^y-.  x    y/0  _^—  I    /"  strength  of  life  ebbs  away. 
_/""  Nine-tenths  of  our  city  chil- 

dren are  literally  starving 

/-\  for  lack  of  recreation  ;  not 

I  x-—  i   i 

the  means  of  life,  but  its 

(x*   object,  civilization  has  de- 
1 

frauded    them    of.       They 

^      -  =  ,  •    , 

feel   a  want  which    bread 
^     ^x^  only    can    aggravate  ;    for 
only  hunger  helps  them  to 
x     forget  the  misery  of  ennui3. 


2G  UK  VOCALIZED   COSRESPOy&aSQ   STYLE. 

The  pallor  is  the  sallow  hue 


of  a  cedar  plant :  they  would 
^         be  healthier1  if  they  were 
happier.  I  would  undertake 

to  cure  a  sickly  child  with 

o_^> 

fun  and  rye  bread,  sooner 
£• — i  x  than  with  tidbits  and  te- 
dium.— Selected. 

n_  ^  EDUCATION.— The  knowl- 

edge of  external  nature  and 

'  \_3  /  {  ^~7  °f  the  sciences  which  that 
knowledge  requires  or  in- 

j> ,  ^  c-  ^  "V,  eludes,  is  not  the  great,  or 
the  frequent  business  of  the 

x  "A  c  c\^  '—  human  mind.  Whether  we 
provide  for  action  or  con- 

~"\    C_X_..)-    Tersation,  whether  we  wish 

i          N    f' 

to  be  useful  or  pleasing ;  the 
f~\  »     first  requisite   is  the  reli- 

gious and  moral  knowledge 

^—j         N  /I  S~ — ' 

of  right  and  wrong.     The 
^    next    is    an    acquaintance 
with   the    history  of  man- 
kind,     and      with     those 
'~x*»-fe- er-V^   ^    i     examples    which    may    be 

said     to     embody     truth, 

nn      ~^\    \     v 
I  >  and   prove    by  events  the 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE.  27 

7  -^  (^  reasonableness1  of  opinions. 
Prudence  and   justice   are 
x     l-^   ^    \o  ^  ^.   virtues  and  excellencies  of 
all  times    and    all  places. 
We  are  perpetually  moral- 
ists, but  we  are  geometri- 
"7    ^  cians  by  chance.     Our  in- 

tercourse with  intellectual 
nature  is  necessary ;  our 
speculations  upon  matter 
are  voluntary,  and  at  lei- 
sure.— Dr.  Johnson. 

MAN.  —  Man's  study  of 
himself,  and  the  knowledge 
of  his  own  station  in  the 
ranks  of  being,  and  his 
various  relations  to  the  in- 
numerable multitudes  which 
surround  him,  and  with 
which  his  Maker  has  or- 
dained him  to  be  united,  for 
the  reception  and  communi- 
.  ,  c_o>  >  cation  of  happiness,  should 
begin  with  the  first  glimpse 
c  of  reason,  and  only  end 

-  L--:  -*)•-  with  life  itself.  Other 
acquisitions  are  mere- 
ly temporary,  except  as 


28  UXVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


to  illustrate 

^       the  knowledge,  and  confirm 
•\  ,  /  — f  *)    ^   "   c^,,  the  practice,  of  morality  and 
l">iety,   which   extend  their 

-- rr^.-V-p    )    T    L-^  x     influence  beyond  the  grave, 

and  increase  our  happiness 
A  ^    '  '  '  ^     through  endless  duration. 

c     \    ^  \   c 5.  There  are  some  who,  in  a 

(  great  measure,  supply  the 

\^>   ^  .  \  ' —  -  "N^     ?    place  of  reading  by  gleaning 

from  accidental  intelligence 

^ —  \ y  .  \  '— •>     and  various  conversation  : 

by   a  quick   apprehension, 

\    V_   "~1  ,  n  \          I    ,NNW.  and  judicious  selection,  and 

a  happy  memory  ;  by  a  keen 
X-*  "~L/  x  X  c  "~1 .  appetite  for  knowledge,  and 
a  powerful  digestion  ;  by  a 
vigilance1  that  permits  no- 
thing to  pass  without  notice, 
and  a  habit  of  reflection  that 
suffers  nothing  useful  to  be 
lost. — Dr.  Johnson. 


UN VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  29 

MANUFACTURE   OF   OPTICAL  GLASS. 

-v    t     •>-»    A          Tne  materials  are  fused 
in  the  furnace  ;    and  wrhen 

'T  /I    V_   y        ~^    °>    nearly   ready    for  working 
are  stirred  about  with  cold 

C  *— N.  /I  \  cr~D 

•  -v-      ^  ^>  /  t,v    x—,  ....      iron1    rods,    to    break    the 

cords2  and  lessen  the  cloudi- 

*  ness.    Sometimes  the  metal 

v    ^    ^— ?  is  ladled  all  from  the  cruci- 

f.  \-  >VJ        1  <)  I          C 

bles3,  and  thrown  into  cold 

""•"N    x    C  ^     r     /o    ^ ,v     water.      This  stirring  and 

ladling   has    the    effect   of 
breaking  the  striae4.     It  is 
«v   Y-    'i      — r     then  closed  up  in  the  cruci- 
ble3 again  until   it  is  per- 

\_^  fcctly  fused  in  the  ordinary 

manner,  but  is  not  worked 

,0  O..L.  "l  "V    c o  ,/         out  —  as    is    the    case    at 

Whitefriar's    Glass    Works 
c—f^~~ °       — for  working  eitlier  with 

^  P  the    glassmakers'    rods    or 

(  the   iron    ladle    renders  it 


30  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

\  t  worse.  When  a  large  cruci- 
ble is  declared  to  be  per- 
fectly ready,  it  is  allowed 
to  cool  until  the  whole  mass 
is  one  solid  piece  of  ordi- 
nary glass,  weighing  about 
twelve1  or  sixteen  hundred 
weight.  This  mass  is  sure 
to  crack  up  into  large 

\  "~1  ^~\   N/"* ,  "~\   .  f°.    bowlders,    and  from   these 

pieces   are    selected   those 
^o    ».  *      --  £-     .  — \^        which  are2  to  be  made  into 

0.0 ,  lenses ;  they  are  placed  in 

/     *    large  moulds  made  of  the 

^\    \^   c ^v  best    fine    clay.      Wlien   a 

9   piece  has  been  selected  of 

(,     i   v    ^_^    1    *)  )    L---    sufficient  height  and  size, 

it  is  put  into  a  mould  of 
I— ^>  ,  (.  <^~  the  required  dimensions, 
and  then  gradually  re- 
heated until  the  glass 
has  melted  exactly  the 

f~  i  - — >  {         ^ — ^ 

shape  of  the  mould.     Then 

,\      \        when  sufficientlv  annealed, 
v  Jl  ^^         \r          > 

'    b   v  it     is      polished      by     the 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  31 

glasscutter  in  the  regular 
manner. 

Other  kinds  of  glass  are 
made  for  optical  purposes 
by  being  blown  with  the 
iron  tube  of  the  glassmaker, 
as  other  things  are  blown, 
such,  for  instance,  as  glass 
for  magnifying  purposes1. 
The  glass  is  ladled  from  the 
crucible,  then  taken  from 
the  ladle  on  the  end  of  the 
iron  tube,  and  blown  of  a 
uniform  thickness,  exactly 
the  shape  of  a  lady's  muff. 
When  annealed  it  is  cut  up 
one  side  with  a  diamond 
and  then  exposed  to  con- 
siderable heat.  When  the 
heat  causes  the  glass  to 
open  where  the  diamond 
has  cut  it,  as  it  gradually 
opens,  it  is  laid  on  a  flat 
surface,  and  spread  out 
into  a  large  square  of 


32  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

thick  optical  glass.  It  is 
again  annealed  and  polished 

to  the  required  magnifying 

^ 

>  power.      It  will   be   easily 

\  Q x        <r^,  I  <\  f  " 

y—  \     ^°         \^        v 

seen  from  all  these  pro- 
cesses, that  fine  optical 
glass  must  necessarily  be 
very  expensive. 

English  Mechanic. 


-    f\  ' "  t                 "  <o  ^  WE  live    in    deeds,    not 

)  °    ) I 

^  years ;     in    thoughts,    not 

7  '  breaths ;  in  feelings,  not  in 

V^^   -1     |^~  x  _       \/-  figures  on  a  dial. — Bailey. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  33 


CHECKED   PERSPIRATION. 

Checked  perspiration  is 
the  fruitful  cause  of  sickness, 
disease1,  and  death  to  multi- 

0  >  (  ~^-*     tudes  every  year.     If  a  tea- 

kettle of  water  is  boiling  on 

-~x     °     \^~      "     V.  •      -^ 

i  •V          '   the  fire,  the  steam  is  seen 

issuing  from  the  spout2, 
carrying  the  extra  heat 
away  with  it ;  but  if  the  lid 
be  fastened  down  and  the 
spout  be  plugged,  a  destruc- 
tive explosion  follows  in  a 
very  short  time3.  Heat  is 
constantly  generated  in  the 
human  body,  by  the  chemi- 
cal disorganization,  the 
combustion  of  the  food 
we  eat.  There  are  seven 
millions  of  tubes  or  pores 
on  the  surface  of  the 
body,  which,  in  health,  are 
constantly  open,  convey- 
v  ing  from  the  system,  by 

what  is    called  insensible4 


34  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

perspirations,  this  internal 
heat,  which,  having  answer- 
ed its  purpose,  is  passed 
off  like  jets  of  steam  which 
are  thrown  from  the  escape 
pipe,  in  puffs  of  any  ordi- 
C  nary  steam  engine  ;  but  this 
insensible  perspiration  car- 
ries with  it,  in  a  dissolved 
form,  very  much  of  the 
.1-^  ,  ^  ~~!  waste  matter  of  the  system, 
to  the  extent  of  a  pound 
or  more  every  twenty-four 
hours.  It  must  be  appa- 
rent, then, that  if  the  pores 
of  the  skin  are  closed,  if 
the  multitudes  of  valves, 
which  are  placed  over  the 
whole  surface  of  the  human 
body,  are  shut  down,  two 
things  take  place :  First, 

\        ^x    \     i  the   internal    heat    is   pre- 

v — i      ^     NO     • i  — _^^r° 

vented  from  passing  off — it 

accumulates  every  moment, 
the  person  expresses  him- 
self as  burning  up.  and 
large  draughts  of  water  are 


VNVOVAL1ZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  35 

^~i   ^-Q      i          £  swallowed    to    quench    the 
internal   fire — this  we   call 
~"^x'  "lever." 

When  the  warm  steam  is 

(       *-\     constantly    escaping    from 

the  body  in  health,  it  keeps 

cr~X          ^^  /~~l  \ 

I  the  skin  moist,   and  there 

'•*     -V  •«_ '   \     c       /—?     is  a  soft,  pleasant  feel  and 

,     <J      ,       N>_^    ^~   -*/        (. 

warmth  about  it.    But  when 

_  „    ,  ^    \     ~^  ^^    the  pores    are    closed  the 

^j  skin  feels  harsh,    hot  and 

I   "1  x   i  s /  /^     dry.      But    another   result 

follows  the  closing  of  the 
!"^,  JT-N  "y-  L  ;    pores  of  the  skin,  and  more 
immediately  dangerous ;   a 
->  ~^  m^n  outlet  for  the  waste 
of  the   body  is  closed,  the 
--^-.    waste  re-mingles  with  the 
blood,  which  in  a  few  hours 

/ 

becomes  impure,  and  begins 
,     ^^^  p  to  generate  disease  in  every 

^\t~       -r--*L   fiber  of   the    system  — the 
whole    machinery    of   man 
>~     ^  "  becomes  at  once  disordered, 

,  and  he  expresses  himself  as 

"feeling  miserable." 


36  UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

The    terrible    effects    of 
checked  perspiration  of  a 

! ,    /    [  c^  -^   L^,°  ^-^?   dog,   who  sweats   only   by 

his  tongue,   is   evinced  by 

No         \  If        11  •       /? 

\   '         his  becoming  "mad."     The 
^     o  O  "— '          water  runs  in  streams  from 

'  a  dog's  mouth  in  summer, 

V  9  "N/-       v*  \    x*   tf  exercising  freelv.      If  it 

_r —  — /       Y     x       d  ~i 

ceases  to  run,  that  is  Hydro- 
phobia. 

It  has  been  asserted  by  a 

)/i  \_-^\    V     (    L    French   physician,    that   if 
a    person    suffering    under 
Hydrophobia    can    be    only 
made  to  perspire  freely,  lie 
*\    "^^j   -p    «— ..j—  x      is  cured  at  once. 

It  is  familiar  to  the  com- 
monest observer,  that  in  all 
ordinary  forms  of  diseases. 
),     \j    the  patient  begins  to  per- 
^~        spire1,   simph'  because  the 
<-*     internal  heat  is  passing  off, 
there  is  an  outlet  for 


v 

-'   ^-^--S^1  the  waste  of  the  system. 

I    (               ^^   ^^  Thus   it  is    that    one   of 

"~"(r~  the  most  important  means 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  37 

^_p  c  v~~  for  curing  all  sickness  is 
bodily  cleanliness1,  which  is 
simply  removing  from  the 
mouths  of  these  little  pores 

C  _(°.  ^  \_^^  (  __^ ,  [  that  gum,  dust  and  oil, 

which  clog  them  up. 

^ ,  /  ^ (  \  x  Thus  it  is,  also,  that  per- 

sonal cleanliness  is  one  of 

I         /^\      (    ^\ 

---£—  b,'-)5  CL>  = — f  '  the  main  elements  of  health: 

thus  it  is  that  filth  and 

^^  £,  fT  :..£..  I  disease  habitate  together, 

the  world  over. 

~1  •  <r^\ 

b  N    —  ;     r  Tliere  are  two  kinds  of 

perspiration,    sensible    and 
insensible. 

When  we  see  drops  of 
water  on  the  surface  of  the 
body  as  the  result  of  exer- 
cise, that  is  sensible  per- 
spiration, perspiration  re- 
X,  T  cognized  by  the  sense  of 

sight. 

\  /  i  But  when  perspiration  is 

(    1_       so  gentle    that    it   cannot 
^          be   detected   in   the   shape  . 
of     water      drops,     when 
no  moisture    can    be   felt, 
*-j»  s  -V  when  it    is    known    to  us 


448525 


38  UNVOCAL1ZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


only  by  a  certain  softness  of 
the  skin,   that  is  insensible 

\         '   )  /     .(,..  L    perspiration,  and  is  so  gen- 
i  tie  that  it  may  be  checked 

CJ  — J  (  \^j  ^~?  x  to  a  very  considerable  ex- 
tent without  special  injury. 
But  to  use  popular  lan- 
guage, which  cannot  be1 
mistaken,  when  a  man  is 
sweating  freely,  and  it  is 
suddenly  checked,  and  the 
sweat  is  not  brought  out2 
again  in  a  very  lew  minutes3, 
sudden  and  painful  sickness 
is  a  very  certain  result. 

A  lady  heard  the  cry  of 
fire  at  midnight ;  it  was 
bitter  cold  ;  it  was  so  near, 

-\    s  _  the  flames  illuminated  her 
chamber.     She  left  the  bed, 

^    -   •    hoisted    the   window ;    the 
cold  \vind  chilled  her  in  a 

I     - — i    moment.     From  that  hour 
until  her  death,  a  quarter  of 

)    ^-i      a  century  later,  she  never 
saw  a  well  day. 

s_   -^        A   young    lady  went 
to    a    window    in    her 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRMSPOlttHNQ  STYLE.  39 

— 1   <]       ^.  night-clothes    to    look    at 

)      I 

something    in    the    street, 
p  <— ^  g-     leaning     her     unprotected 
arms  on  the  stone  window 
^  ^-^_  _/-  sill,  which  was  damp  and 
cold.     She  became  an  in- 
valid and  will    remain  so 
for  life. 

Sir  Thomas  Colby,  being 
in    a    profuse    sweat    one 
*77.-  ^    night,  happened  to  remem- 
ber that  he  had  left  the  key 
I       \k     of  his  wine   cellar   on  the 
!        parlor  table,    and    fearing 

ty/l°  '     s~^    ^"V^*  ~\_,          that  his  servants  might  im- 
prove the  inadvertence  and 

^  ^  c-y  ,  x/~v_  °    s.hl..i..   drink  some  of  his  wine,  he 

left    his    bed    and   walked 

°^  i  '    f  ND   )  L   ^\  s   '     down  stairs ;  the  sweating 

process  was  checked,  from 

^  ^_  °— -  ^_y=>    s      which   he    died    in    a   few 

^  <lays,  leaving  six  million  of 

i_^  -__    v_^_  o    r^>     dollars  in  the  English  funds. 

T      ^  J         Vs    >:  I 

His    illness    was    so    brief 
and  violent    that    he    had 
no    opportunity    to    make 
,     I      his     will,      and     his     im- 
T     inense  property  was  divided 


<\    n 

\)     Vr      f... 


40  UNVOCAIJZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

among  five  or  six  day- 
laborers  who  were  his  near- 
est relations. 

The  great  practical  lesson 

,__  \_       r     /  c  /  ^^^    which  we  wish  to  impress 
upon  the  mind  of  the  reader 

\  ^  ~~\  °  (>  .  "^^  ~/  \^V^  is  this:    When  you  are  per- 
spiring freely,   KEEP  IX  MO- 
"  ^-D  .. f..  -,  -,  , '    v-x      TION  until  you  get  to  a  good 

^~~  ^x 

i  fire,   or  to  some  place  ichere 

\>  <^  "/    NJ^     <~^     ^\  ^  '    you   are1  perfectly   sheltered 

from    any    draught    of   air 
whatever. — The  Eclectic  Star. 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  41 


ITEMS    OF    INTEREST. 

.  <    I  ~>\  °    f  COFFEE    made   with  dis- 

'  tilled1  water  is  said  to  have 

i     (,  ^-,-       a  greatly  improved  aroma. 

It  seems  that  the  mineral 

~\  ^          ~~x  /- — ^  I  ~r\     carbonates2  in  common  wa- 

r  i 

ter  render  the  tannin  of  the 

V7    r\     L-  1—  c   k~\~  coffee    berry    soluble,    but 

the  drug  will  not  dissolve 
^  in  distilled  water. 

A  „  p         DR.  FLINT  is  reported  as 

S>        /V    o    v_.  i  .  . 

having  said  that  many  lives 

'          /"»  \    1          arc  lost  by  starvation  owing 

I  t 

^     to  an  over-estimate  of  the 

x    \    i  -^       nutritive  value  of  beef  tea 
.-t,-       ->>  I     6  * 

and  meat  juices.    In  typhus 

and  typhoid  fevers,  he  says 
there  is  no  good  substitute 
for  milk  and  eggs. 

READ  by  good  day-light. 
The  light  should  come  from 
the  side.  Do  not  read  when 
fatigued  or  when  recovering 


42  UNVOCAL1ZED  OOKR£8PONJ)I2fO  STYLK 

*\    t^-9        -A    r~  x-.  „  from    illness,    and    do   not 

,  J  ...  ...  f  ...»..x^ 

read     while     lying    down. 
Rest  the   eyes  occasionally 
while    using    them.      Read 
"V  x   „_}.    good    print,     and     do    not 
stoop  while  reading.     Use 
,1 proper  glasses,  avoid  alco- 
hol and  tobacco,  and  take 
exercise  in  the  open  air. 

COCAINE,  the  new  local 
anaesthetic1  that  has  sud- 
denly achieved  such  an  ex- 
cellent reputation,  has  been 
known  as  such  for  a  great 
many  years,  but  for  a  long- 
time was  found  to  be  too 
expensive  for  general  use. 
The  great  progress  now  is 
the  cheapening  of  the  pro- 
duct. Its  properties  are 

due  to  a  substance  nearly 
~N  ^       <*~f 

'        -i      j       '       identical2  to  theme,  the  ac- 
tive principle  in  tea,  and  it 
**" '        ~3  '  i     is  indeed  obtained  from  one 

^  \  <~N    I    "~i      ^  \        °^  ^1C  toa  Plants>  tne  mate, 
J      "V  ^~x  of  Paraguay. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  43 


A  WRITER  in  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Journal  advises 
young  practitioners  never 
to  make  fun  of  an  old 
woman's  remedy.  It  will 
not  only  give  offence,  but 
will  miss  a  valuable1  aid  in 
practice.  The  writer  adds  : 
''In  1830,  while  practicing 
in  Madison  County,  Illinois, 
I  was  induced  by  the  repre- 
sentations of  an  old  woman 
to  make  the  trial,  in  dysen- 
tery and  diarrhoea,  of  table- 
spoonful  doses  of  pure  cider 
vinegar  with  the  addition 
of  sufficient  salt  to  be  notice- 
able, and  it  acted  so  charm- 
ingly2 that  I  have  never 
used  anything  else." 

CHILDREN  grow  taller,  it 
is  said,    during    an    acute 
sickness,  such  as  fever,  the 
growth  of  the  bones  being 
\   v  stimulated    by  the    febrile 

*         Vix      ^_          \J     * 

^  condition. 


44  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

AMERICANS  average  a 
daily  addition  to  the  public 
fortune  of  seven  cents,  which 
means  that  the  United 
States  each  day  is  Avorth 
four  millions  of  dollars  more 
than  it  was  the  day  before. 

THE  number  of  railroad 
accidents    in     the    United 
States  during  1884  is  given 
^45   c     ~          68/  at  H91.     Of  these  445  were 


collisions   and    681    derail- 

65  /    '    c/'V/"x    *)  c  x       ments  ;     65     recorded     as 

"various."     There  were  in 
•     &7*3    all  389  persons  killed  and 

8760  injured. 
_T?.  * 

-_?    o  V-^,         THE  opinion  is  entertained 

now  by  many  men  of  science 

^  x  ^p    <,  -^  ^    ^_^_    \^j  that    the    art    of    making 

artificial  stone  for  struct  ur- 

L-i       \.  \  ¥-^  \    al  purposes  is  prehistoric1, 

and     that     the     i)vraiuids 

T        <\  ^  __          ,  ^  N 

were,     in     fact,     built    of 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  45 


xi     ,    P        ^_^        ^      ..  ^      artificial1  blocks    manufac- 


tured from  the  surrounding 
plain. 

GLUCOSE  is  used  princi- 
pally  in  the  following  ways  : 
for  the  manufacture  of  table 

\P  ^  ^\^~  ^f.  *~*  \  syrup ;  as  a  substitute  for 

barley  malt  in  the  brewing 

\^  y~  •  o_  \p  ^_  _^  of  beer  and  ale ;  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  cane  sugar  in 
confectionery  and  in  can- 
ning fruit ;  to  adulterate 
cane  sugar ;  to  make  arti- 
ficial honey ;  in  making 
vinegar. 

A  GERMAN  entomologist, 

^y  '  v  -  ^'  -^~c>    pt  Dahl7  claims  that  spiders 

have  perfect  sight  only  at 

C    V      v     -  *\          P  ^ 

\,    v_    v-         c_x_.j__3    very  short  distances.    Their 

sense    of   touch    is    conse- 

I    °  .^/~  c^\  quently    remarkably     well 

developed.       There     smell 

^~  J     x.  ^    e~S~    °   )  _    <     is     so     good     that    they 

can      distinguish       odors, 
1,0.  and      their      hearing      is 

excellent.      Some   of  them 
1>    v_^-  show  a  remarkable  instinct 


46  UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


<\    <\  ^   *)  in    buying    their   webs  — 

even  their  first  —  in  perfect 
geometrical  form.  A  re- 
flective1 power  is  evinced 
by  their  refusal  of  tough 
insects  which  have  been 
once  attacked  unsuccess- 
fully2. 

FLOATING  bricks  are  made 
of  a  very  light  silicious 
earth,  clay  being  sometimes 
added  to  bind  the  material 
together.  Their  strength3 
equals  that  of  ordinary 
bricks. 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  47 

ASIATIC    CHOLERA. 

^__P  __o  ^  ^  c  c /  o  <\       News  comes  from  France 

that  cholera  has  appeared 
in  the  cities  of  Toulon, 
Marseilles,  and  elsewhere. 
Last  year  it  began  at  its 
regular  home  in  India1,  and 
extended  westward  through 
Arabia1  to  Egypt.  Judging 
from  all  past  histories  of 
the  malady,  it  will  be  likely 
to  spread  through  Europe, 
and  then  to  America.  Its 
advance  this  time  has  not 
been  so  rapid  as  in  former 
epidemics,  else  it  would 
have  reached  our  shores 
early  last  spring,  but  it 

will  be  well   to  expect  it 
^ 

before  the  season  is  over, 

and  to  make  every  prepar- 
ation for  it. 


48  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

(~\  The  real  cause  of  cholera 
has  long  been  a  subject  of 
inquiry.  Latterly  it.  like 
all  other  maladies,  has  been 
pronounced  the  result  of  a 
"germ";  and  much  money 
has  been  spent  by  France, 
Germany,  and  other  Eu- 
ropean governments  in  aid- 
ing  certain  gentlemen  to 
find  the  particular  germ. 
Egypt  last  year  was  visited 

f°r  this  sPccific  purpose, 
and  it  was  at  one  time  an- 
nounced that  the  animalcule 
had  been  found.  It  was  an 
animal  form,  taking  the 
length  of  from  40,000  to 
60,000  of  them  to  make  an 
inch.  And,  as  usual  in  all 
these  "germ"  investiga- 
tions, they  were  present 

in  some   cases  and  absent 
\ 
J-  in  others — a   fact   proving 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  49 

conclusively  that  they  are 
not  at  all  the  cause  of  the 
(  .  (  c  C  disease,  else  the  disease 
could  never  occur  without 
them  ;  but  that  these  minute 
organisms  exist  only  when 
disease  has  caused  sufficient 
death-change  in  tissues  for 
the  foul  things  to  find  soil 
to  grow  in.  Speaking  of 
these  germs  (bacteria,  mi- 
crobes, etc,),  Dr.  G.  F.  Yeo, 
(^  >  •"  the  latest  English  writer  on 

physiology,  says : 

1 '  Bacteria  do  not  appear 
without    progenitors   more 
^         than  any  other  form  of  liv- 
ing thing.     They  float  life- 


x  less  and  dry  in  multitudes 

^  through    our    atmosphere, 

l    /  ~N  U-tsj 

)  and  adhere  to  all  substances 


1L  •  %  .N    ^Sp^^o^  _o  x     ^°  wnich  the  air  has  free  ac- 

9  cess.  The  moment  they  light 

^-^->  (    r  N  I    6"~,  (  %.  upon  suitable  soil,  they  burst 

into     prodigious     activity. 

v—  1    ^\   —  P        /°    f~    o    ^     \ 

1    /  •*  —  Such  a  soil  is  supplied  by 


50  UNVOCAL1ZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

|\^  x    )   any  substance    capable   of 
spontaneous  decomposition. 
(~      \i  -,  ^  ^^_^  o   ^-7  f-  So  long  as  the  tissue  of  a 

higher    animal    is    healthy 

^     \          -*   <)   -—  -N    j      and  well  nourished,  bacteria 
I/  cannot  thrive  in  immediate 

c       x  p  x_/  ^    i    contact  with  it.     They  can 

j"  1 '  only  exist  in  the  intestines, 

o    ,       ^  s  etc.,  because  they  can  find 

^°   accumulations    of    lifeless 
~  fluids    there    which     offer 

^-i    '  \    tx— D,  them  a  suitable  nidus.     Ac- 

tive, living  tissues  are  able 

^-I  I       Q          — ^        t  I        \ 

'  >-.  L^       "\    N  x   j    Vi^i  to  destroy  bacteria ;  and  it 

is  only  owing  to  this  bac- 

o_^  !    ^  C  \_ ,   ,,  V^^  L^   tericide  power  of  our  tex- 
tures that  we  can  with  im- 

f  — ,    '        "~1    \  ^1  __->y-  munity    breathe    into    our 

lungs  the  atmospheric  air, 

O        U-x-.     ~^  i    *V~  ^     and  swallow  multitudes  of 
^  these  organisms.      But  for 

...J^i — a-^  x   i   'v,  C  ^^i^   this  power,    every   wound1 

would  become  putrid,  every 

X  C-N  <V  I 

"^   ^ ^  ?         ^   ^   breath  would  admit  deadly 

germs  to  our  blood 

2—^        —        ^.  (  \ 

"T~  \^_    They  cannot  propagate  in 

~    »     live    tissue    as    in    lifeless 
U  °      ^  ^  *     fluids." 


UKVOGALiZED  COltR&iPOtibtM  8T¥LE.  51 

I       R  (          We  have  taken  space  to 

_     I 3       \3        x *3 

put  this  question  in  its  true 
-  »         light ;  for,  the  public  needs 
to  be  undeceived  on  a  topic 
that  a  few  cranky  individ- 
uals pursue,  to  make  them- 
selves a  marvel,  and  about 
"A   which  they  may  talk  with  a 

/  C_^    1 s    ^   J  __^_     solemn    show    of   wisdom, 

after  the  absurdity  of  their 
speculations  have  been  ex- 

— ^          )    (~          CD     ploded.     So  long  as  these 

\~~        I 

3  "germ  theories"  are  listened 

"?  (      s?     "         "^          /^~  ^"^ 

to,  men  will  be  seeking  for 
some  poison  to  kill  the 
"germ"  which  may  also 
kill  the  patient  ;  but 
rational  ways  to  restore 
the  diseased  tissues  will 
be  overlooked,  and  the 

mortality  from  that  malady 

/n  •  f\.     /    ^^ — 
1    '    x-y- —  x      will    be    much    increased. 


6"  -^        J5       i      I    q 
^ 


UNVOCAL1Z.ED   CORRESPOMUMr   STYLE. 

And  further,  while  search- 
ing after  the  ^/I'l-n/ntirf 
causes,  much  money  and 
precious  time  will  be  spent, 
while  the  true  and  simple 

D  causes  will  be  overlooked, 
and  the  disease  left  to  run 
riot.  Restore  vitality  to 
tissues  and  it  will  brush 
away  all  the  bacteria. 

Cholera  has  been  shown 
clearly  enough  to  develop 
under  known  conditions  of 
human  filth1,  and  to  extend 
under  the  same  conditions. 
x  It  starts1  during  the  pil- 
grimages to  the  Ganges 

f  which  are  made  by  hun- 
dreds2 of  thousands  of  Ma- 
homedan  fanatics  every 
seventeen  years.  These. 
under  a  tropical  sun  and 
with  the  vilest  of  "water, 


UN  VOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.         53 


camp  in  enormous  crowds 
ibr  several  weeks,  careless 
ol'  all  human  cleanliness1, 
and  saturating  body  and 
clothes  with  the  basest  filth. 
Before  they  leave  these  re- 
sorts, their  weakened  frames 
begin  to  fall  before  this 
saturation.  Each  form  of 
animal  or  other  poison  af- 
fects the  system  in  ways 
peculiar  to  itself;  and  this 

C  poison  causes  the  nerve 
sinking,  blood  changes, 

<x  vomiting  and  purging  that 
mark  Asiatic  cholera.  Re- 
turning  to  their  homes,  they 
carry  these  conditions  with 
them  and  spread  the  disease 
wherever  they  go  ;  and 
commercial  intercourse  ex- 
tends  it  among  susceptible 
people  throughout  the 
world2. 


54  UNVOCALIZED  COli&tiSPONDING  STYLE. 


It  is  notorious1  that  chol- 
era always  attacks  first  and 
most  severely  the  filthiest 
o     <r--n     ^      p      •    /\     cities,     and     the     filthiest 

^-.  b      -"t~ 


t  •  quarters2   in    tliose    cities. 

r    \_^  c    The  ravages  in  Asia  last 

year  were  light  compared 
-'  /      st 

\  •>  "      with    previous    epidemics ; 

but  in  Egypt,  where  the 
late  war  had  placed  certain 

c /  sections  in  a  most  fearful 

state,  the  cholera  mortality 
was  frightful,  while  other 
portions  almost  entirely  es- 
caped it.  And  now  it 
/  breaks  out  in  Toulon, 
France,  which  has  the  re- 
pute of  being  a  place  of 
x  abominable  dirtiness;  and 
Marseilles  next  to  it.  This 
history  will  no  doubt  be  re- 
peated while  the  destroyer  is 

r    x     marching  around  the  world. 


VNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE.  55 

Cleanly  localities  will  suffer 
to  some  extent  by  contact ; 
but  the  burden  of  the 
scourge  will  fall  upon  those 
places  where  there  is  open 
or  concealed  filthiness,  and 
upon  those  persons  who  are 
unclean  in  their  surround- 
ings. 

The  health  lesson  to  be 
learned  from  these  facts  is 
a  very  plain  one.  They  call 
for  a  complete  cleaning  of 
cities,  towns,  and  resi- 
dences, at  every  point  and 
in  every  particular.  No 
filth  should  be  left  con- 
cealed, no  work  of  purifica- 
tion be  half  done.  The 
blindest  alley  probably 
-  needs  more  vigorous  work- 

_^f.,  ing  than  any  open  street ; 
and  vaults,  pools,  garrets, 

~~^    and  cellars  demand  the  most 


56  UNVOVALIZED   CORRESPONDIMI   STYLE. 

searching  proceedings.  And 

these  matters  should  be 
attended  to  before  the  chol- 
era comes  and  not  delayed 
till  the  visit  of  the  dest  rover 
has  begun.  Then  they 
must  be  kept  up  steadily 
while  any  vestige  of  the 
disease  remains.  No  slack- 
ing of  the  cleanliness  is  per- 
missible— gutters  must  be 
kept  free,  garbage  must 
not  accumulate,  vaults  and 
pools  must  be  disinfected 
and  not  allowed  to  become 
offensive.  By  adopting  and 
continuing  radical  measures 
of  this  kind,  there,  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  chol- 
era may  be  clipped  of  most 
of  its  dangers  and  made 
comparatively  harmless. 

In    addition    to    1  o - 
x    '  ""     c  a  1     a  n  (1     individual 


Uft VOCALIZED   COliRESPONDIXU  STYLE. 


I 


X 

>,-AC_- 

s^ 

--—  .^- 

;7> 

i        i  ^  -  —  >. 

S-        X        D             1                      3       N 
\0 

V-" 

^v  ^..I-K) 

/® 

V- 

/ 

y  ^-v     rv,.  x 

-°     ^_ 

/N  W,      o  1. 

<o                       ^ 

5     c  

/v              f~~            )       ^          \ 

^\     r 

<s%, 

"-/-C"  >'.-s 

,-  k- 

x    t^  —•  \    <_ 

;Vo 

>                    1    (  ;    i 

xM, 

.A          „  e    -\ 

cleanliness,  it  is  important 
to  eat  regularly  and  of  the 
common  round  of  good 
foods.  A  sad  mistake  has 
*)  been  made  by  many  in  cur- 
tailing their  diet  to  a  few 
articles,  dropping  off  meats 
and  the  majority  of  vege- 
tables. It  is  very  unwise  to 
disturb  the  digestion  and 
impoverish  the  blood  at  such 
times,  by  this  unnatural 
mode  of  living.  Coarse  and 
unripe  vegetables,  as  string 
beans  and  green  corn,  should 
be  laid  aside.  But  all  ripe 
fruits,  and  quite  as  much 
those  somewhat  acid,  should 
be  used  daily.  It  is  very 
important  to  know  that  they 
are  fresh,  and  not  to  gor- 
mandize with  them,  but 
with  these  reasonable  pre- 
cautions he  is  safest  from 
cholera  who  uses  fruits, 
fresh  vegetables,  meats, 


58  UN  VOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STTLE. 

~°  _          /"  N     L_  ^    |          an(l  his  accustomed  round 

of  food  every  day. 

Yeiy  free  indulgence  in 
iced  water  and  very  cold 
drinks,  and  any  indulgence 
whatever  in  beer  or  alcholic 
drinks,  will  be  sure  to  cause 
sad  trouble.  In  every  his- 
tory of  cholera,  in  all  coun- 
tries, they  suffer  most  and 
die  in  largest  numbers  who 
resort  to  whiskey,  brandy, 
and  similar  beverages.  No 
fact  is  more  positive,  none 
is  more  instructive  to  wise 
men. — The  Healthside. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  59 

THE    TALLEST   TREE    IN   THE   WORLD. 

x-i  11  "Here  are  the  extremes 
of  plant  life,"  said  a1  bota- 
/°.  nist,  holding  a  microscopic 
slide  in  one  hand  and  a 
picture  of  a  great  tree  in 
the  other.  ' '  This  is  a  dia- 
tom, one  of  the  smallest 
vegetable  organisms,  invis- 
ible to  the  naked  eye,  while 
this,"  flourishing  the  pic- 
ture, ' '  is  the  largest  as  to 
height  in  the  world." 
"  One  of  the  sequoias  ? " 
"No,"  was  the  reply. 
"  Uncle  Sam  has  done  pret- 
ty well  with  trees,  but  when 
it  comes  to  height  the 
British  lion  takes  the  belt, 
as  the  loftiest  trees  are 
found  in  the  Australian 
dominion.  This  picture  is 
a  photograph  of  one  found 
by  a  traveler  in  the  Black 
Range  of  Berwick,  and  it  is 


GO  UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


Sov  v   ^V^  >    [  estimated  at  500  feet  from 

the  ground  to  the  topmost 
(  "1   _^^  ,' '     ^        l>ranch.     Think  of  it  a  mo- 
ment," continued  the  speak- 

' r  Son  ^~  ^~^  i_,    x    er-      "  FIVG    hundred    feet 
means    a    good    deal.      It 

i    \    ^-j    P  .  1      3  f —  (~~       would  dwarf  the  Bartholdi 

statue ;  Trinity  would  look 

<i  •  \     X  ^e  a  te^e»raPn  l)0^c  com- 

^  1  5         '  /    ^     pared  to  it ;   the  Brooklyn 
bridge  would  be  nowhere ; 

f-  i     \^ 

\  *•  Strasburg  Cathedral  would 

^  be  54  feet  below  the  birds' 

\f  V_^,  -}     nes^s  on  the  top  branches, 


and,     if    the     giant    were 
T        /        V     \    PN     v     / 

^^    <    '    placed  by  the  side  of  the 


pyramid  of  Cheops,  the 
C~  \  25  leaves  of  the  eucalyptus 
would  still  be  twenty-five 
feet  above  it.  That's  the 
kind  of  trees  they  have  in 
Australia,  and  they  are  un- 
doubtedfy  the  largest  on  the 
globe,  though  it  is  claimed 
that  the  California  speci- 
mens are  more  impressive 
from  their  greater  bulk. 
The  gum  trees,  as  the  Aus- 
tralian giants  are  called,  are 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE.  61 

\_  r  a  comparati\7ely  modern  dis- 
covery, and  for  a  long  time 
it  was  impossible  to  ap- 
proach them,  but  now  roads 
are  broken,  and  travelers 
can  ride  directly  to  the  foot 
of  several.  One  of  the  first 
known,  a  Kanni  eucalyptus 
(Eucalyptus  colossea)  of  bot- 
anists, was  discovered  in  a 
glen  of  the  Warren  River, 
Western  Australia.  When 
found  by  a  party  of  riders, 
it  was  prostrate  upon  the 
ground,  and  four  riders 
abreast  entered  the  trunk, 
that  was  estimated  at  400 
feet  in  length.  Another 
species,  E.  Amygdalina, 
measured  by  Boyle  in  the 
gloomy  forest  of  Dau- 
dcnong1,  was  found  to 
be  420  feet  long,  while 
another,  now  growing  on 
the  Black  Spur,  ten  miles 


62  UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

from  Healesville1,  is  480  feet 
high.  These  measurements, 
you  see,  are  far  ahead  of 
the  California  trees,  one  of 
x-~?  o  the  largest,  that  I  think  is 
known  as  'The  Father  of 

43v5    ^- 

the  Forest',  only2 measuring 
435  feet,  and  being  110  feet 
in  circumference  at  the  base. 

•  ^  ^  ^—^/^)  320  The  one  called  '  The  Mother 

of  the  Forest '  measures  320 

hr_  ^  1  ,  s  °(^°---[;-  ^  feet  in  height  with  a  cir- 

cumferenco  at  the  base  of 
^'1  '  90  feet.  When  they  felled 
the  famous  'Traveler',  in 
1853  (and,  by  the  way,  every 
^  i  t\  "i  *  \\  man  that  had  a  hand  in  it 

I  ^        <J-^         X          I         I D      ) 

ought  to  have  been  sent  to 

L_  j   '    6   ^  V      "^C     Dry  Tortugas3),  it  took  five 

or  six  men  nearly  a  month 
(..|._^  to  bring  it  to  the  ground, 

and  they  had  all  kinds  of 
c  ,  V—.       ,   /     tools  to  work  with,   pump 
augers,  wedges,  anil  every- 
\-"    ~-r  x  *  thing  you  could  think  of," 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  63 

LEISURE   HOURS. 

Two  men  stood  at  the 
^  same  table  in  a  large  factory 
in  Philadelphia,  working  at 
the  same  trade.  Having  an 
hour  for  their  nooning  every 
day,  each  undertook  to  use  it 
in  accomplishing  a  definite 
purpose ;  each  persevered 
for  about  the  same  number 
of  months,  and  each  won 
success  at  last.  One  of  these 
mechanics  used  his  daily 
leisure  hour  in  working  out 
the  invention  of  a  machine 
for  sawing  a  block  of  wood 

i      into    almost    any    desired 

\  x 

shape.    When  his  invention 

\,    was  complete  he  sold  the 

patent  for  a  fortune,  changed 
i  <\ 

^  his    workman's    apron 


G4  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE. 

f     -— ^    -     J     ^  for  a  broad-cloth  suit,  and 
^  moved  out  of  a   tenement 

"~1  *\  J  s~^JD  x  (  s~*  nouse  into  a  brown  stone 

mansion.  The  other1  man 

<*>  ^Y  r^l..']-_  ""  "~^  spent  an  hour  each  day 

during  most  part  of  a  year 

^  c ""1 J  L.  I —  in  the  very  difficult  under- 
taking of  teaching  a  little 

x  j*  6  ~  >_  ]  Z_  ^  dog  to  stand  on  his  hind 

feet  and  dance  a  jig  while 

%  J  x—.L^.,—  — D  ^\^~  he  played  the  tune.  At 

last  accounts  he  was  work- 

10  ~^  I  ~  i^-^  n  ,  --~^--  r  ing  ten  hours  a  day  at  the 
c  same  trade,  and  at  his  old 

/        ^>-  v_  •-*.    C 

wages,  and  finding  fault 
with  the  fate  that  made  his 
fellow- workman  rich,  while 
leaving  him  poor.  Leisure 
minutes  may  bring  golden 
»  ^°  i  grain  to  mind  as  well  as 

c  purse,  if  one  harvests  wheat 

I    "~ — P       t    ~* 

instead  of  chaff. 

S  — Wide  Awake. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  65 


LOVE    OF   APPLAUSE. 

To  be  insensible  to  public 
opinion,  or  to  the  estimation 
r  in  which  we  are  held  by 
others,  indicates  anything 
rather  than  a  good  and 
generous  spirit.  It  is,  in- 
deed, the  mark  of  a  low  and 
worthless  character ; — de- 
void of  principle,  and  there- 
fore devoid  of  shame.  A 
young  man  is  not  far  from 

cf  -^  ^ ruin,    when    he    can    say, 

without  blushing,  <e  I  do  not 
V"  care  what  others  think  of 

^-  ^    \^  me." 

N  \     x- 

But  to  have  a  proper  re- 
gard to  public  opinion  is  one 
thing ;  to  make  that  opinion 
our  rule  of  action  is  quite 


66  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

another.  The  one  we  may 
cherish  consistently  with 

\ff  i/|  '  _^  /-,  the  purest  virtue  and  the 

most  unbending  rectitude : 

/  c    T      ,  -i  \    -^x     -is-    the  other  we  cannot  adopt 

I k    )    v.     I       p          N     <r 

v  Jo»  without  an  utter  abandon- 

I  x  '  v^_^-,  6  «_  ^^  9  ment  of  principle  and  dis- 
regard of  duty.  The  young 
man  whose  great  aim  is  to 
please,  who  makes  the 
opinion  and  favor  of  others 
his  rule  and  motive  of 
action,  stands  ready  to 
adopt  any  sentiments,  or 
pursue  any  course  of  con- 
duct, however  false  and 
criminal,  provided  only, 
that  it  be  popular.  In 
every  emergency,  his  first 
question  is,  what  will  my 
companions,  what  will  the 
world  think  and  say  of  me 
if  I  adopt  this  or  that 
course  of  conduct?  Duty, 
the  eternal  laws  of  recti- 
tude are  not  thought  of. 
Custom,  fashion,  popular 


\ 


UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  67 

C/"  v_p   (     «      o     favor  —  these  are1  the  things 

"^  that  fill  his  entire  vision, 

i^      -i    c-x   —  P     N      arid  decide  every  question 

of  opinion  and  duty.     Such 

^  *\  x  ^L  ~~-\^    \     a  man  can  never  be  trusted  ; 

for,    he   has    no   integrity, 

1  -    <v__  ,   ?  ^_x   v~c    i     -v_>    an(l    no    independence    of 

mind,  to  obey  the  dictates 
of  rectitude.  He  is  at  the 
mercy  of  every  casual  im- 
pulse  and  change  of  popular 
opinion  ;  and  you  can  no 
more  tell  whether  he  will  be 
right  or  wrong  to-morrow, 
than  you  can  predict  the 
course  of  the  wind,  or  what 
-  —  3  c  —  ^^  shape  the  clouds  will  as- 
sume. 

^       \ 

And  what  is  the  usual 
consequence  of  this  weak 
and  foolish  regard  to 

^j?  -^  ^-^  9        the    opinions    of    men?  — 

->  ____  T  — 

What  the  end  of  thus 
acting  in  compliance  with 
custom  in  opposition  to 
one's  own  convictions  of 


68  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

duty?  It  is  to  lose  the 
esteem  and  respect  of  the 
very  men  whom  you  thus 
attempt  to  please.  Your 
r  defect  of  principle  and  hol- 
low-heartedness  are  easily 
perceived ;  and  though  the 
persons  to  whom  you  thus 
sacrifice  your  conscience, 
may  affect  to  commend 
your  complaisance,  you  may 
be  assured,  that  inwardly, 
they  despise  you  for  it. 
Young  men  can  hardly 
commit  a  greater  mistake 
than  to  think  of  gaining  the 

_^_ ,    ixr.j-A  __*_!>  x       esteem  of  others,  by  yield- 
ing to   their  wishes,    con- 

/f    ____    £-^f~  /^  }       trary  to    their   own  sense 

of  duty.  Such  conduct  is 
always  morally  wrong,  and 
rarely  fails  to  deprive  one, 
both  of  self-respect,  and  of 
the  respect  of  others. 

— Hawes. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  69 


SALT. 

Question. — Is  salt  a  neces- 
sary article  of  food  ? 
JW  U  k  _>^X  V-o       Answer.— It  may  be  as- 
sumed to  be  from  the  follow- 
^ -  1.      c— ^.  ^   I    '    "^     ing  facts :    1.  The  craving 

for  it  is  very  general.     But 
/  \  "*  *\. 

^  *"~~ 


^--)~~  •       the  opponents  to  its  use— 

c,  <?-  g-      \  and  we  believe  there   are 

i    >°~ '  those  who  regard  salt  as  a 

_^_^  <\        ^     3.      /°  /£~     poison — would  claim,  prob- 

\  ably,  that  the  craving  is  the 

2.  '  s-^.  result  simply  of  a  vitiated 
appetite.  2.  The  most  dis- 
tressing symptoms  ending 
in  death  result  from  the 
protracted  use  of  saltless 
food.  Criminals  condemned 
to  live  on  bread  unmixed 
with  salt  are  said  to  have 
*\ —  \--^-  -  suffered  fearfully — to  have 
been  devoured  by  worms  en- 
gendered in  their  stomachs. 


70 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING   STYLE. 


I      <:     ( 

^    v  — 


~T     I 


b  °    %> 


_>_     /  fTT 


^      f    '^    ^    <x     x       S   ^ 

-^^i  -     r  £..(.: 

^    ^^7     ^    ^     x 
W^"     ^     rt-:.-g 
^)     ^^^>J 

n  a.-,.c_^r>^ 

3 

_^T 

fi 

r\ 

*i 

j     '     ^     ^    /x    1^ 


On  the  other  hand,  it  does 
not  follow  that  in  moderate 
quantities  it  is  injurious 
because  a  long  course  of 
diet  on  salt-preserved  pro- 
visions produces  scurvy. 
This  disease  is  supposed 
not  to  result  from  the  use 
of  the  salt,  but  from  the 
lack  of  potash  compounds, 
which  seem  required  in  the 
muscles  and  flesh-juice,  as 
arc  soda  compounds  in  the 
blood.  Plants  near  the  sea 
are  richer  in  soda,  while 
those  of  inland  growth  are 
richer  in  potash.  This  will 
afford  a  useful  hint  for 
health-seekers1,  those  living 
near  the  sea  should  go  in- 
land to  replenish  the  potash 
constituents  of  a  healthy 
system  ;  while  the  inland  in- 
valids may  seek  the  seashore 
or  vicinity  with  advantage. 
Dr.  Scudder  says:  "In  the 
milk  diet  that  I  recommend 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  71 

in  sickness,  common  salt  is 
used  freely,  the  milk  being 
boiled  and  given  hot,  and 
if  the  patient  cannot  take 
the  usual  quantity  in  his 
food  I  have  it  given  in  his 
drink.  This  matter  is  so 
important  that  it  cannot  be 
repeated  too  often,  or  dwelt 
upon  too  long.  The  most 
marked  example  of  this 
want  of  common  salt  I  have 
ever  noticed  has  been  in 
surgical  disease,  especially 
in  open  wounds.  Without 
,  VI,  a  supply  of  salt  the  tongue 
would  become  broad,  pallid, 
puffy,  with  a  tenacious 
pasty  coat,  the  secretions 
arrested,  the  circulation 
feeble,  the  effusion  at 
point  of  injury  serous1,  with 
an  unpleasant  watery  pus, 
which  at  last  becomes  a 

mere  sanies  or  ichor.  A  few 

I  x   <-\    /^— p 

days  of  free  allowance  would 


72  UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

change    all    this,    and   the 
patient  get  along  well." 

In  this  connection1  I  will 
quote  what  is  said  con- 
cerning salt  by  Pcreira  : 
"Though  salt  is  a  constitu- 
ent of  most  of  our  foods 
and  drinks,  we  do  not,  in 
this  way,  obtain  a  sufficient 
supply  of  it  to  satisfy  the 
wants  of  the  system,  and 
nature  has  accordingly  fur- 
nished us  with  an  appetite 
for  it.  The  salt,  therefore, 
}--  which  we  consume  at  our 
table  as  a  condiment,  in 
reality  serves  other  and  far 
more  important  purposes 
in  the  animal  economy  than 
that  of  merely  gratifying 
the  palate.  It  is  a  necessary 
article  of  food,  being  essen- 
tial for  the  preservation  of 
health  and  the  maintenance 
of  life.  It  forms  an  essen- 
tial constituent  of  blood, 
which  fluid  doubtless  owes 


UN  VOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  73 

many  of  its  important 
qualities  to  it.  Thus  it 
probably  contributes  to 
keep  the  blood  corpuscles 
unchanged  ;  for  when  these 
are  put  into  water  a  powerful 
and  rapid  endosmose  action 
takes  place,  in  consequence 
of  which  they  swell  up  and 
assume  a  globular  form ; 
!rr_  b  s  £-  C  whereas  in  aweak  solution  of 
salt  they  remain  unchanged. 
In  malignant  cholera,  and 
some  other  diseases  in  which 
there  is  a  deficiency1  of  the 
saline  ingredients  of  the 
blood,  this  fluid  has  a  very 
dark  or  even  black  appear- 
ance, whence  it  has  been 
assumed  by  some  writers 
that  the  red  color  of  the 
blood  is  dependent  on  the 
presence  of  its  saline  in- 
gredients. From  the  salt 
of  the  blood,  aided  by 
water,  the  gastric  juice  de- 
rives its  hydrochloric  acid, 


74  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE. 


and  the  blood  and  the  bile 
their  soda." 

Sixteen  pounds  a  year  is 
said  to  be  the  average 
yearly  consumption1  of  salt 
by  adults — about  five  ounces 
per  week.  Salt  was  for- 
merly called  muriate  of 
soda,  but  now  more  com- 
monly chloride  of  sodium. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  75 


LAMARTINE. 

The  character  of  Lamar- 
tine1,  with  all  its  virtues 
and  all  its  faults,  is  revealed3 
in  the  history  of  his  life. 
As  a  statesman  he  must 
rank  very  low,  being  simply 
a  theorist;  but  his  errors 
were  those  of  a  noble  mind 
filled  to  overflowing  with 
pity  for  the  suffering  and 
oppressed.  As  a  writer  he 
stands  in  the  foremost  ranks 
of  French  authors.  His 
style  is  glowing  and  pic- 
turesque, his  powers  of  de- 
scription are  marvellous,  his 
poetry  is  the  most  poetical? 
in  the  French  language  ;  of 
all  her  writers  he  has  the 
most  soul  •  as  a  story-teller 
no  one  is  more  charming4  ; 
his  faults  are  a  strong  tend- 
ency  to  the  inflated  and  the 


76  UNVOCALIZED   COERESPONDING  STYLE. 

~7  t  ^  ^~y^    ^          /     x     exaggerated,   to   a  morbid 

sentimentalism  which  too 
frequently  sinks  into  bathos. 
Like1  all  Frenchmen,  in- 
tense egotism  was  one  of 
the  prominent  errors  of  his 
character.  This  fault  was 
redeemed,  however,  by  so 
many  noble  and  shining 
qualities,  that  it  almost  dis- 
appears in  their  lustre.  He 
was  the  soul  of  honor,  the 
bravest  of  the  brave,  the 
most  generous  of  men. 
Pages  could  be  filled  with 
anecdotes  of  his  gentleness 
-^  of  heart  and  boundless 
charity.  The  emoluments 
which  he  derived  as  a 
member  of  the  Provision- 
al Government  he  distrib- 
uted freely  and  unasked 
\  ";)  x  \J>  (^'  among  the  poor  authors 
>  °  of  Paris,  and  the  letters 

£  _£,     ,    (s  0       which    accompanied    these 

S         >x-       '  gifts  doubled  the  obligation. 
C\     ^    ,         //I       Sunday,    his  only  holiday, 
'        i   x  was    devoted    to    charity ; 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  77 

V^«  °- 


his  doors  were  open  to  all 
who  suffered,  who  were  in 


<  —  *->    ,     r>y    want.       All     who      came, 

(  c  _         _       whether  known  or  unknown, 

he  greeted  with  extended 

—  t  ^       =  —  r^j   ^^  _j>  ^    hand,    with    kindly    smiles 

and  words,    to    soften  the 

^    y.  ----  -^t       /\y    bitterness  and  humiliation 
ff  ^_^       N  ,,  of  their  position.      "1  am 

dying  of  hunger,"  one  day 
"_^_  laconically  wrote  an  un- 
known.. '  '  I  have  five  hun- 
dred  francs,  they  are  yours 
with  all  my  heart,"  wrote 
back  Lamartine.  "  If  I  had 
a  hundred  francs  I  should  be 
truly  happy,"  exclaimed  a 
poor  author  in  his  presence. 
"Here  are  a  thousand," 
answered  Lamartine,  giving 
'  ^-^_s  *  ^-^  /W^>  him  the  money.  Only  the 
revenues  of  a  prince  could 

cv  p        f>      —  ^_  ^ 

•  -  ^—  p  x     sustain    such    munificence. 


78  UNVOCALIZED   COREESPONDING  STYLE. 

I    "-N   \«    I        ^     c    i       For  years  before  his  death 

^~  d          v>       J       s\--/^l-.-  t    ; 

he  was  overwhelmed  with 

_/l   v    X/°    y;     u    \j~^     debts,  and  reduced  to  com- 
parative indigence  ;  but  the 

'-^°  ~X>  o  —3,  o     divine  impulse   of   charity 

remained  as  active  as  ever. 

Sr_    x         /\-.C.  \      v     \    ,— », 

/""  He  was  saving  up  to  buy 

j^~    \  i      -.     v_       himself  a  little  pony-chaise 

v — ^    x     I — 7      ^     —    , 

to  take  the  air  in ;  he  had 

4..  — 5   /    (^  °\^-  -o  , !~ '   gathered  just    a  thousand 

francs,  when  a  poor  woman 
who  lived  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, came  to  him  with  a 
X  piteous  tale  ;  her  goods  had 

x        y\   ^}  been    seized    by    a    hard- 

hearted creditor,  and  home- 
^     ^-*   i        "  less  destitution  stared  her 

_  Vi>        X  A    _  _  /  _ 

in  the  face.  "How  much 
do  you  require  ? "  he  asked. 
"A  thousand  francs,"  was 

^ the  answer.     There  was  a 

momentary    struggle,    and 
v      °    r       ^   ,  X,  then  he  went  away,  fetched 
his  little  hoard,  and  placed 
,   x  it  in  her  hand. 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  79 

(     x  -* — P          The  man  who  could  do 

/-7-5i          *-•   —%~     '  U     * 

these  deeds  was  a  Christian. 

^  ^  ^   ,X       "X No  higher  nor  rarer  praise 

can  be  bestowed  upon  him  ; 

>\  v  /        ^X_/" 

for,  generations  frequently 

pass  away  without  produc- 
\a  _r^.__   (    ^s     ^~s    y- 

b  ing  one  such. 

— -   U  £  m  pi  a  Jj  a  r  —  Temple  Bar. 


CARE  for  what  you  say, 
or  what  you  say  will  make 
you  care. 


80  UNVOGALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

SCIENTIFIC    MISCELLANY. 

PHOTOGRAPHY  of  the  stars 

V      i    ^^\  c — ~\^-~       ""     x 

now    forms    an    important 
,.          part  of  the  work  done  at 
-.[-_   \^  \^     x       Harvard  Observatory.      A 
.  region  of  the  heavens  fifteen 

.X/Va  is    o-y         ^~>._|.,    degrees    square    is    photo- 
graphed   at    a    single    ex- 
^--J--  >  *s      posure,  stars  down  to  the 
(    fifth  and  sixth  magnitudes 
A   T  V_x  J  ,  .  /£  £\-A    being  shown ;  and  eighteen 

of  these  pictures  may  be 
taken  on  a  single  plate, 
forming  a  map  of  a  section 
?o°  O  ~.  °f  tne  stellar  vault  ninety 
degrees  long  by  forty-five 

45°   1    x    .r-s^  "^  ,--i-  •>    degrees     wide.        Smaller 

stars,   down  to  the  eighth 

i    "~f     -^  j  ^  ^_^  magnitude,    are    shown  in 

photographs     of     smaller 

•   '—-  , !  v.      areas.       The     magnitudes 

indicated    by    the    photo- 
— ^  ^ — j     graphs  do  not  always  cor- 

'  ~C"  respond  to  those  recorded 

v.^         ,-     -       as  the  determinations  of  eye 
^          observations.     This  is  due 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  81 

to  the  effects  of  different 
colors  among  the  stars.  A 
red  star,  which  may  appear 
very  brilliant  to  the  eye, 
produces  only  a  faint  im- 
pression on  the  photograph- 
er's plate. 

MONS.  CORNEVIN  places 
the  time  of  the  first  appear- 
ance of  the  horse  as  a  do- 
mestic animal  in  the  bronze 
age  contemporaneous  with 
the  bronze  bit.  Mons.  Pie- 
trement  and  Mons.  Pictet 
proved  that  the  horse  had 
been  utilized  in  Asia  while 
Europe  was  in  the  stone 
age,  and  Mons.  Faure  ob- 
jects to  Moris.  Cornevin's 
conclusion  with  the  remark 
that,  while  the  bronze  bit  is 
good  proof  of  the  domestica- 
tion of  the  horse,  the  latter 
may  have  been  tamed  long 
before  bronze  was  known. 
Whichever  view  may  be  the 
1  c_x  ,  L  rv^—  <  correct  one,  it  is  certain  that 


82  UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


x  ^-v  (~  \A      nian  has  enjoyed  the  ser- 
|  :    vices  of   the    horse   for  a 

pretty  long  period. 

THE    total     number    of 

_       w      .,  ~  \      species  of  flowering  plants 

*  ^        •"    in    the    world    is    roughly 

estimated  by  Bentham  and 
V_*.      ^T_\__    y5,62o.         Hooker  to  be  95,620. 

s_*  v_?  >    *|  r^     rv        IN    the    opinion   of   Dr. 

Burg,  copper  in  the  body 

-— /  v.      _o  ^ exerts  a  protective  influence 

against  infectious  diseases. 
This  view  has  received  re- 
newed confirmation  in  the 
results  of  an  inquiry  con- 
cerning the  death  -  rate 
among  copper-workers  dur- 
ing the  last  epidemic  of 
typhoid  in  Paris.  To  test 
his  theory  that  copper  pre- 
vents the  development  of 
the  microbes  of  infectious 
diseases,  Dr.  Burg  proposes 
studying  the  action  of  cop- 
per salts  upon  the  microbes 
.  cultivated  by  Mons.  Pas- 

S  -  1  x    teur. 


UNVOVAL1ZEI)  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  83 


HERRHEINRICH  has  made 
some  experiments  with  peat, 
in  which  he  obtained  the 
largest  crop  when  the  peat 
derived  from  the  soil  sixty 
per  cent,  of  the  total  quan- 
tity of  water  which  it  was 
capable  of  containing.  No 
crop  was  obtained  when  the 
moisture  of  the  peat  fell 
below  twenty  per  cent,  of 
its  water  capacity,  except 
in  sand,  where  a  small  yield 
was  secured  which  con- 
tained no  more  than  ten 
per  cent,  of  the  water  it 
could  have  contained. 

AT  the  Paris  Observatory 
Admiral  Mouchez  has  been 
experimenting  for  some 
weeks  with  a  small  cap- 
tive balloon  for  obtaining 
records  of  meteorological 
phenomena  at  some  dis- 
tance above  the  earth. 
The  real  value  of  the  bal- 
loon to  science  has  not  yet 
been  determined,  as  balloon- 
ing for  scientific  purposes 


.....  vv-u/  -a 


84  UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


\  v     f  x  is  a  quite  new  subject  of 

study. 

<1 

'  "  AN  Irish  physician,   Dr. 

P     ,  Henry  Macaulay,  has  made 

the  unique  suggestion  that 
.        the  intense  heat  of  the  sun 
in  tropical  countries  be  used 

,  s~-  <*>  \  T)  as  an  a»ent  f°r  cooling 

buildings.  He  would  use 

^  ^  \^_  -^  Muchot's  sun  -  engine  for 

pumping  cold  air  into  fac- 
tories, dwellings,  etc.,  as  in 
this  way  the  temperature  of 

"T    •     I  /l*~\     the  rooms  may  be  reduced 

V>  L- — x^^^     V — ^       •'^x     /      u  i  ^ 

from  one  hundred  degrees 

700°    ^     60.      C   \  °   ^        to  sixty.    This  plan  is  avail- 
able only  where  ice  may  be 
<^_s   t/  *)   s—*.  -^  *  obtained. 

o    .         >,  „        THE  Russian  Geographical 

"H7   ]  Society  has  received  a  list 

„  x     ,  of  the  localities  along  tlic 

coast  of  northeastern  Siberia 
where  human  beings  may  be 
found  at  different  seasons 
of  the  year.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  use  of  this  list 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


85 


\ 


J  , 


'  C^ 

'  a* 
c  ?  L 


"  t 

^   V3   v 


•^  ,."Vj 


Vv~ 


V 


^ 


by  future  explorers  may  en- 
able them  to  escape  the  sad 
fate  of  Lieut.  De  Long  and 
his  companions. 

ACCORDING  to  a  writer  in 
a  Parisian  journal,  Tonquin, 
a  province  of  Anam  in  south- 
eastern Asia,  possesses  a 
remarkable  mineral  wealth. 
The  production  of  its  gold 
mines,  this  authority  states, 
can  be  made  to  rival  that 
of  California  and  Australia  ; 
while  its  coal  mines  are 
even  more  important  than 
the  gold  mines.  Silver, 
copper,  and  tin  are  also 
abundant,  and  zinc,  lead, 
iron,  and  bismuth  are 
known. 

A      PERPETUAL       Clock 

was  started  at  Brussels  a 
little  over  a  year  ago. 


86  UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

-x  o  .  v_^  -j  i  i  \  An  up  drauglit  is  obtained 

in  a  tube  or  shaft  by  cx- 

—  \>  |  Q_^  C  %  {/*>  posing  it  to  the  sun  ;  this 

draught  turns  a  fan  ;  which 

\»  j  /         \        Y-  _____  p     winds  up  the  weight  of  the 

clock  till  it  reaches  the  top, 

si  I       ^  ~l  ~\      (    V. 
A   ^  '  >     when  it  actuates  a  brake 

that  stops  the  fan,  but  leaves 

Vo    ,       I         I       V-f  >        N         1  _  ., 

it  free  to  start  again  after 
^  ]  0  —  ^  __/"  x  .  the  weight  has  gone  down 

a  little.  At  the  last  of  June 
^  J  .'TTTTTL  )  ^  the  clock  was  running  per- 

fectly, after  having  been  in 
i 
~  9  -a-^     motion  for  nine  consecutive 

months. 

HERE  BEUNNEE,  the  super- 
intendent  of  the  Austrian 
Telegraphs,  recently  deliv- 
/t     t"  -^     1        L^—  -  C        ered  a  lecture  on  dnamo- 


electric  machines,  in  which 

~t     "%>  °    t^  ^_  ^     he  expressed  his  deliberate 
opinion     that     the     entire 

"^      x   --i.  \^  J?  ^    science    of  engineering  is 

being  revolutionized.  These 

^_^  i      v        machines,     he     said,     not 

'    f  "^  only    convert    the    power 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  87 

of  a  rotating  machine  into 
electricity,  but  they  are  able 
also  to  reconvert  electricity 
into  working  energy.  As 
the  most  perfect  solution  of 
this  problem  the  lecturer 
spoke  of  the  machine  put 
up  at  Munich  by  Marcel 
Deprez,  which  conveyed  the 
power  produced  by  a  steam 
engine  at  Miesbach ,  to 
^s  ,  Munich,  a  distance  of  thirty- 

five  miles,  by  means  of  an 
ordinary  iron  telegraph 
wire.  On  this  subject  Herr 
Brunner  spoke  in  the  fol- 
lowing words :  "It  would 
be  difficult  to  over-rate  the 
importance  of  this  inven- 
tion. By  it  coal  is,  or  will 
be,  superseded.  In  future 
it  will  be  possible  to  turn  the 
power  of  waterfalls  to  ac- 
count from  the  very  source, 
whilst  at  this  moment 
these  streams  run  away 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

unused.  Every  drop  of 
them  may  be  gathered  up 
in  turbines  which  set  dy- 
namo -  electrical  machines 
in  motion.  These  in  their 
turn  carry  the  accumulated 
energy,  via  a  telegraphic 
wire,  into  a  factory,  where 
it  is  turned  to  account  for 
working  the  main  shaft  or 
lighting  the  work  -  room1. 
Lastly,  there  will  be  no  thing 
out  of  the  way  in  turning 

^_,  electrical  energy  to  account 

'   for  domestic  uses,  such  as 
/>         \   ^\       / — '    )          getting  up  stairs,  working 

6        — -         \  o     )        v  C_x 

a  sewing  machine,  washing, 
"")       *}      ~~\    \      ^      ^    ironing,   etc.,  nay,  even  a 

<-s    j      •-'     ;  .  '  1    '          -"^  

piano  might  be  played  by 
electricity." 

[We  may  readily  conceive 
/V~     ^_.  A  C-*      how  electrical  energy  may 
be  derived  from  thousands 
'.  ">i,    '   t»         °  of  sources   and    turned  to 

thousands  of  uses.      It  is 
C   ^  L  *\.  i  "^      s~* 

v     -3--      b    N^  probable    that   wind -mills 


UNVOGALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  89 

/r  f  \  may  originate  more  electri- 

cal power  than  would  be 
required  for  all  possible 
manufacturing  operations 
on  the  planet.  Quite  super- 
tiuous  would  be  then  as 
much  more1  energy  that 
might  be  derived  from 
draughts  in  chimneys.  Ut- 
terly bc}*ond  requirement 
would  then  be  the  incon- 
ceivably  great  amount  of 
power  that  could  readily 

/  ^  .  j  £  be  obtained  from  the  vast 

rivers;  the  little  rivers,  and 

\     \     ,- — °      -i          ,    n      even  the  waves  of  lakes  and 

^  '  ^    *    "l*  T/-IT 

oceans.— A.  J.  G.] 


90  UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


THE    MEASUREMENT   OF    TIME. 

There  is  nothing  of  greater 
practical  importance  in  the 

i_/\_  , k     v_,       c.  daily  life  of  men  ;  nothing, 

v  '  perhaps,  more  closely  con- 
nected with  the  progress  of 
the  human  race,  than  the 
art  of  measuring  time  ;  and 
from  that  distant  period 
when  the  lapse  of  time  was 
marked  only  by  the  alterna- 
tions of  day  and  night,  and 
the  changes  of  the  moon, 
down  to  the  present  day, 
when,  for  purposes  of  sci- 
ence men  measure  the 
millionth  part  of  a  second, 
the  improvements  in  the 
appliances  for  time-meas- 
urement have  kept  pace 
with  the  general  progress 
of  civilization. 

We  all  understand  that 
time  must  be  measured 
by  some  regular  series 
of  motions,  and  we  know 


I 
C 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  91 


how,  in  a  fashion  of  her 
own,  nature  marks  time  for 
us  —  by  the  setting  of  the 
sun,  the  crowing  of  cocks, 
the  budding  and  falling 
of  leaves,  the  tides  of  the 
sea,  etc.,  all  of  which  phe- 
nomena occur  invariably  at 
certain  regular  and  familiar 
intervals  ;  but  very  early  in 
the  history  of  our  race  it 
was  found  that  something 
more  accurate  than  these 
natural  changes  was  re- 
quired,  and  art  soon  came 
to  the  assistance  of  nature. 
The  first  artificial  contriv- 
ances  for  the  purpose  of 
telling  time  were  sun-dials, 
hour-glasses,  and  clepsydrae. 
Sun-dials  measured  time  by 
the  course  of  a  shadow 
over  a  rudely  marked 
scale,  and  were  consequent- 
ly useless  in  the  night  or  in 
cloudy  weather,  but  they 
were  soon  supplemented  by 
hour-glasses,  which  marked 


92  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

time  by  the  trickling  of  fine 
sand  through  a  small  open- 
ing between  an  upper  and 
lower  glass  bulb,  just  one 
hour  being  required  for  the 
whole  quantity  of  sand  to 
trickle  from  one  bull)  to  the 
other.  The  clepsydra  was 
on  the  same  principle  as  the 
hour-glass,  employing  water 
L  a-V  °V^  instead  of  sand,  its  simplest 
form  being  an  upright  cyl- 
inder large  enough  to  hold 
s  several  gallons  of  water, 

^~~>      *\  '      °~^~  *-*   with  a  small  opening  at  the 
bottom  through  which1  the 
water    flowed    slowly   out. 
We    are    told    that    "the 
Assyrian  monarch,  Sardan- 
>    I        x_p  x^          apalus,  had  a  time-keeper 
^°  '       of  this   description   in  his 

palace  at  Nineveh,  and  there 
was  one  also  in  every  ward 
,-     in  the    city.     These   were 
*     all  filled  at  sunrise,  and  as 
v  soon  as  they  were  emptied, 

at  a  given  signal  by  a  man 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  93 

stationed  upon  a  high  tower, 
they  were  refilled,  and  a 
number  of  heralds  went 
forth1  proclaiming  the  fact 
through  the  town,  so  that 
the  inhabitants  might  regu- 
late their  transactions,  and 
know  when  to  eat,  to  wor- 
ship, to  labor,  and  to  sleep. 
The  intervals  between  the 
emptying  and  refilling  in 
this  case,  like  the  rounds 
of  the  patrolmen,  which 

c  'L  1  "  were  a^so  anciently  employ- 
ed to  measure  time,  were 
termed  watches." 

After  a  time,  the  flowing 
water  of  the  clepsydra  was 
*•»  x  ^^  -f  ,  /  c-  "^ ^   made  to  turn  a  wheel2,  which 

carried  an  index  hand  round 
a  dial  plate,  and  thus 
marked  the  hours  of  the 
day.  This  was  called  a 
water-clock,  and  was  used 
for  two  thousand  years  as 
a  time -measurer,  in  the 
countries  of  the  east,  but 
was  gradually  improved 
by  the  substitution  of 
falling  weights  for  falliii"; 


94  UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

water,  as  the  motive  power. 
The  oldest  of  these  con- 
structions, actually  pre- 
served, was  made  by  Henry 
Pe  Yick,  a  German,  and 
set  up  in  Paris,  for  Charles 
V.,  of  France,  in  1339.  It 
was  a  thirty -hour  clock, 
with  a  weight  and  a  train 
of  wheels,  giving  motion  to 
one  hand,  and  the  striking 
part  was  precisely  the  same 
as  that  still  used.  This 
curious  old  clock  had  a 
horizontal  lever,  Avith 
movable  weights,  so  that 
the  further  out  they  were 
hung  the  slower  would  be 
the  vibrations ;  and  some 
three  hundred  years  after 
the  date  of  De  Tick's 
invention,  the  last  grand 
improvement  in  clocks 
Avas  made,  by  converting 
the  horizontal  swing1  of 
the  balance  into  the  verti- 
.  cal  swing  of  the  pendu- 
^— '  /^  '  )  "  lum,  Avhich  Avas  done  by 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  95 

[_    V_  <^_xl  -^_,-  \  v  taking  off  one  of  the  weights 

and  hanging  the  balance  in 
an  upright  position.  From 
this  clock,  which  was  at 
first  used  only  in  the  towers 
of  churches,  sprang  the 
whole  race  of  modern  clocks 
and  watches,  whose  history 
fills  many  a  bulky  volume, 
reaching,  as  it  does,  from 
the  time  when  watches  were 
the  treasures  of  kings,  till 
to-day,  when  few  pockets 
arc  without  them. 

— Scientific  American. 


3 


) 


96  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


HOW   TO   SLEEP. 

^  -\    f  \  It  is  very  important  to 

~^  (  x  -^  <s  sleep  so  that  the  rest  shall 
be  sound,  producing  bene- 
ficial  results,  so  that  on 
waking  in  the  morning  there 
shall  be  no  weariness  or 
discomfort.  To  obtain  a 

.          ^-o   S  ?\      \  v*  ^-r       good  night's  rest  there  must 
>   •—      '    ,  >-t>.  N)     j     Vix-  . 

J  \  be  peace  of  mind  ;  nothing 

:         .    „  so    hardens    the    bed     as 

"-*  *  a    reproachful    conscience. 

0  Heavy    suppers,    or    indi- 

°N  '  ^  '•>     ^  gestible  food,  produce  rest- 

k  lessness    and    nightmares  : 

alcoho1  dulls  the  brailK  ljllt 

does  not  soothe  the   spirit 

•  |        C  ^~~  •    /  in^°  a  comfortable   night's 

rest.     The  head  should  not 
e  c^       c^       lie  too  low;  just  high  enough 
to  allow  the  blood  to  recede 
freely  from  the  brain.     The 

\  /  /\>  *  s\  f,  bo<ly  should  repose  on  tlie 
right  side  to  allow  the  food 
*nat  ^S  digested  to  pass 
out  of  the  stomach  (which 

/    |      \  -^  x~\x1  "X^)  x  tnen     ta^es     ^ie     position 

of  an  inverted  bottle).    The 


I 

T 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  97 


y       ~      ^~\^  ^  ^  i  ™-  N     bedclothes  should    be  just 

enough  for  comfort  ;  if  too 


(  *^  x^  ,  ~^~\  \^  heavy,  they  produce  rest- 
lessness, and  indisposition 
to  rise  at  the  proper  time 
in  the  morning ;  if  too  few, 
>.  u/>—  failing  to  keep  the  body 
warm,  the  sense  of  cold 
hinders  sleep.  There  should 
be  plenty  of  fresh  air,  having 
the  window,  and,  if  possible, 
the  door,  left  open,  and 
never  on  any  account  let 
the  fireplace  be  closed". 
Very  much  attention  should 
be  given  to  having  a1  suit- 
able, well  -  lighted,  well- 
aired2  bedroom,  with  bed- 
stead as  free  from  hangings 
as  possible,  so  as  to  allow 
the  air  free  access  to  the 
sleeper.  As  'one-third  of 
our  time  is  spent  in  our 
bedroom,  it  therefore  fol- 
lows that  great  care  should 
be  taken  to  have  all  its 
surroundings  clean,  whole- 
some, and  adapted  to  the 
requirements  of  the  body.— 
Good  Health. 


98  UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


SAND. 

,    A  There  are  few  things  so 

common  and  so  varied  as 
,  sand.     An  old  sea-captain 

nearing  the  Atlantic  coast 


v  exactlJ  where  lie  is 


^    brings  up  from  the  bottom  ; 
--  '  ^-9  and  once  an  important  rob- 

bery in  Prussia  was  traced 
~~  ^  \  —  ^  vA_o,  by  means  of  a  bag  of  sand. 
A  box  of  treasure,  belong- 
ing to  the  Royal  Bank, 
which  had  been  sent  from 
Berlin  to  Minister,  was 
found,  on  being  opened,  to 
contain  one  thousand  dol- 
lars less  of  gold  coin 
•»  y'V  I.  f-  "  v  \  than  when  it  started,  the 

__   /  __  I       It    .  ___  /-  —  -^_^      v_       o 

money  having  been   taken 
1  \    *-  ••»  \  out  and  its  place  filled  with 

,     b      \o  '  -       a-'x 

a  bag  of  sand.  The  rob- 
.  t\  <±_x^  n  i  .  bei-y  had  been  skilfully  cxe- 

"l^  cuted,  for,  the  box  showed 

y  *~j>  x  x  i  •  .-\  no  signs  of  having  been 

disturbed,    and    all    efforts 


LAWYER 

5,  TEXAS 

UN  VOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  99 

(        v^-P   ^       -^_^  />    to  find  the  thief  were  un- 
^^     successful,    until  a  famous 
geologist    suggested    that 
some  of  the  sand  should  be 
\  (     sent   him,    with   specimens 

'"bj^  of  that  near  all  the  stations 

__^__  ,      r\     through  which  the  box  had 

^  '  passed.     This  being  done, 

he  quickly  told  where  the 

~l^     '    7  °~^  '      robbery  had  been  commit- 

ted, and  the  police,  having 
Q— '    <*-'    ^  x  this  clue,  soon  secured  the 

^   thief. 

^v/1    o  ~~v  "~^~^   (^  ^          Varied  as  are  the  minor 
elements  in  sand,  the  main 

^  ,        ^-^    ^j    1        ^~^    body  of  it  is  always  quartz. 

We  may  get  some  idea  of 
the  amount  of  this  mineral, 
by  remembering  that  it 

\  \  (  "x-^  "^v-v  ^  I  x  ^    n0^  on^  f°rms  the  vast  de- 

jj         posits  of   sand    along  our 

^_    I        ^  coasts,  and  in  the  deserts, 

^  ^  ~^'  but  also  the  great  under- 

fc.    q  N  vi     °    c  "V-  *-"*      lying  strata   of   sandstone 

1    t  rocks  ;  that  it  is  present  in 

all  soils,  and  is  necessary 
to  all  animal  and  vegetable 
life.  Rock  crystals,  and 
many  of  our  favorite  jewels, 


100  UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

7  such  as  topaz,  chalcedony, 
blood  -  stone,  chrysopniH1. 
and  jasper  are  also  quartz, 
and  it  enters  largely  in  the 
shape  of  veins  into  rocks. 
in  the  composition  of  which 
it  has  no  part. 
Banks  of  drifted  sand 

,  s_.  stretch  along  our  Atlantic 

"~r  x  coast    from    Newfoundland 

?  to  Cape  Cod.     The  highest 

^     '       \    point  of  these,    known   as 

Sable    Island,    lies    about 

f5  ^T*  ^  —^  ^^3)  *  ^     eighty -five    miles    off    the 

coast  of  Nova  Scotia.     It  is 

23  _/•<>  d, ;  ^_s  T  \_  *1  ,  "*    twenty-three  miles  long,  and 

one  and  a  half  wide,  and  is 
p     ?      M  x         „  ^  s       /v      said  to  rise  to  a  height  of 

1       v^          ^.       I  ^^s\^J  X     b    °"^    Vo 

one  hundred  feet.     Its  sur- 

p  s ^         •*  i    \       ^ace    corisists    of    rounded 

'  ^  hills  of  sand,   and   is  con- 
tinually being  changed   by 
the  action  of  the  weather. 
There  was  formerly  a  good 
harbor  on  one  side,  but  it 
has  now  been  entirely  closed 
^   r      by  a  storm.     Coarse  grass 
grows  upon  the  island,  and 
,o     also    cranberry  and   whor- 
tleberry  plants.      Various 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE.  101 

^JT-J,  /  ""£>  Xs0  ,  _/l  animals,  such  as  horses, 

rabbits,  and  rats,  have  been 
<)  •  \  carried  there  and  natural- 

"~\  "  ~Y  '  a'  ized.  The  walrus,  or  sea- 

liorse,  used  to  frequent  the 

a — v.  f*  c~ —"y"^       /"    *"      O 

island,   and  the  Greenland 
x  seal   is    still    found   there, 

v,    )  ,  _  -A  together  with  the  shells  of. 

tropical  fish.  Thus  upon  this 
LA_J>!/!    ^     sand-bar  meet  the  denizens 
of  the  torrid  and  the  arctic 
^     •         "N  N>    (  ___  <^     zones,  the  one  brought  by 
'   the  Gulf  Stream,  and  the 
x  other  by  the  Polar  Current. 

*  r  i+o  ^ ,  In  thc  last  forty  yearg)  thc 

western    extremity  of  the 

~~\~^r  o  l~^j  ^,  — /^,  island  has  diminished  seven 
miles,  and  the  whole  has 
been  growing  narrower, 
while  its  height  has  been 
increasing,  especially  at  thc 
eastern  end.  The  difl'er- 
ence  between  its  position 
on  old  charts,  and  on  those 

recently  made,  shows  that 
)   (          f  °  \  ) 

v--^-         V'  ^^  s    the  whole  island  is  being 

moved  eastward  by  the 
steady  westerly  winds,  as, 
very  probably,  may  be  the 
whole  sandbank  upon  which 
it  rests,  although  it  covers 


102  UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


an  area  one-third  as  great 
as  that  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Sand  is  never  long  sta- 
tionary ;  for,  the  grains  slip 
over  each  other  so  easily 
that  the  firmest  appearing 
banks  are  moving  slowly  in 
the  direction  of  the  prevail- 
ing winds.  AVe  have  all  heard 
of  the  terrible  sand-storms 
which  travelers  meet  in  cross- 
ing deserts,  and  of  Memphis, 
once  the  Egyptian  capital, 
lying  for  centuries  so  deeply 
buried  by  drifted  sand  that 
until  within  a  few  years  its 
site  has  been  unknown. 
Nor  is  it  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  great  deserts  alone 
that  sand-floods  are  destruc- 
tive. In  the  eastern  part 
of  Scotland,  many  large 
tracts  of  once  fertile  land 
are  covered  with  sands  as 
unstable  as  those  of  Arabia. 


UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  103 

"X  <L/"'  Early  it  this  century,  a 

parish  in  Aberdeen  county 
was  reduced  to  two  farms, 
and  not  a  vestige  of  any  of 
-i     \  v_x  ^    -j  c_p  I          the    buildings   was    to    be 

^^  seen,  unless  it  might  be  a 
fragment  of  the  church. 
At  another  place,  a  large 
and  valuable  tract  was 
covered  by  an  inundation 
so  rapid  that,  in  a  single 
season  an  apple-tree  was 
covered  so  that  only  the 
very  summit  could  be  seen. 
This  flood  was  caused  by 
the  cutting  down  of  some 
trees  that  had  served  as  a 
barrier  to  the  sand,  and 
the  pulling  up  of  the  bent, 
or  star,  a  species  of  mat- 
"N  N  *s — °,  *  C  /I  grass,  whose  long  roots 
creep  into  the  sand,  and 
bind  it  together.  So  useful 
is  this  plant  in  checking 
„  ^  -'/--  sand-floods,  that  in  the  reign 
of  George  II.  an  act  was 
passed  by  Parliament  for- 
bidding its  destruction,  and 
the  planting  of  it  has  been 
earnestly  recommended 


I 


104  UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 

\  ^  wherever  a  flood  threatens. 
It  grows  best  in  pure  sand. 
Cattle  will  not  touch  it,  for 
its  long,  rush-like  leaves 
arc  stiff  and  pointed.  It 
seems  to  be  especially  in- 
tended to  control  the  move- 
ments of  sand  dunes,  and  to 
it  the  Dutch  owe  the  exist- 
ence of  a  part,  at  least,  of 
their  country. 

Sir  Charles  Lyell  speaks 
in  his  "Principles  of  Geol- 
p     -*    \     ogy,"  of  the  destruction  of 
/       u     three    ancient  villages   on 

„ f  the  eastern  coast  of  Eng- 

^  •    land.      Two   have   entirely 
disappeared,    and    of    the 
7  *    third   all    that   remains   is 
the  steeple    of   a    church. 
..^,\  ~~N      In  this   case,   the  destruc- 
tion   has,    however,    been 
^    v^_  •  )  0    rather    the    work    of    the 
water  than  of  sand,  for  the 

„  .  .     sea  has  worn    and   beaten 

\-t7N__  _^»  .  *  i^  J  away  the  coast,  but  the  sand 
dunes  have  moved  steadily 
in  advance,  burying  the 
land,  and  then  uncovering 
it  to  the  action  of  the 
water.  Sir  Charles  Lyell 


i 


UN  VOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  105 

|_  2 3  ^  gives  two  pictures  of  the 
ruined  church,  taken  twenty- 
^ree  years  apart.  In  the 
first,  the  steeple  is  "half 

buried  in  sand  heaps,  and 

i         / 

"~x.  >    in  the    second,    the  dunes 

have  moved  on  to  the  in- 
land1, and  the  sea  is  beating 
at  the  foot  of  the  steeple. 
The  church  is  thought  to 
have  been2  built  about  three 
hundred  years  ago,  and  at 
that  time  the  site  must  have 
been  considered  safe  from 
the  encroachments  of  the 
sea.  Several  villages  in 
England,  France,  and  Jut- 
land3,  have  been  buried  by 
blown  sand.  In  Suffolk, 

•^-r'     one  thousand  acres  of  land 
' 

were  covered  in  one  hun- 
dred years,  and  in  Cornwall 
have  been  found  hills  several 
hundred  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  which  are  con- 
stantly moving  forward, 
disclosing  the  ruins  of  an- 
cient villages  which  have 
been  covered  by  them. 


106  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


)  P  ~Y  ^  J  <  ^°  stca(ly  arc  the  move- 
ments of  the  sand  dunes, 
that  it  has  been  proposed 

(\  *•- — s  Jf 

X    \N  )~~(r~  °"    to    use    those    in    Holland 

o  .  as  an  index   by  which1  to 

--/    N      u.    ^  ~~^   determine    howT    long    the 

country    has    been    in    its 

nC\  I  i        .  .        , 

Vx  u  ,   I    \_^  l  .:    present  condition,  it  being 

thought  that  if  the  rate  at 

.-2  s^}-\—(  ^~'^~\.  c   I  .    which  they  now  move  were 

determined,    it    would    be 

I    =     )    x  c e_   „   O  V^     easy  to  calculate  how  long 

a  time    had    passed  since 

_i         \    1    '^  c,k  i.!^_  they  started  from  the  coast. 

But  in  order  to  do  this,  it 
must  first  be  proved  that 
the  line  of  the  sea-coast  has 
not  altered,  and  that  is  not 
possible,  for,  there  is  always 
\  change  where  water  beats 

upon  land. 

f     , —  s  <t          But  it  must  not  be  sup- 
posed   that    the    work    of 

-/i  o   s    r  x.          blown  and  drifting  sand  is 

all  evil.  Between  Eccles 
and  Wintecton  it  has  closed 
C=  X_  <rV  the  mouths  of  several  small 
estuaries,  and  rendered 
possible  the  reclaiming  of 


UN  VOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  107 

many  acres  of  land.    In  the 
days  of  the  Saxons,  Nor- 
f  \  ^\.  )  wich1  stood  upon  an  open 

>  estuary  leading  up  from 
the  sea,  About  the  time 
of  the  Norman  Conquest, 
the  sands  upon  which  Yar- 
mouth is  built  became  firm 
enough  to  be  habitable  and 
they  have  since  been  stead- 
ily increasing.  The  closing2 
of  the  wide  estuary,  and 
reducing  it  to  a  river, 
shut  back  the  tides,  and 
rendered  fit  for  cultivation 
many  thousand  acres,  in 
which  upwards  of  sixty 
fresh-water  lakes  have  been 
formed,  varying  in  depth 
from  fifteen  to  thirty  feet, 
and  in  size  from  one  acre 
to  twelve  hundred  acres. — 
Ellen  Bertha  in  Alden's  Book 
of  Knowledge. 


108  UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


THE    MILKY   WAY. 

Herschel's  labors  showed 
the  Milky  Way  to  be  a 
great  nebula1  containing  at 
least  fifty  millions  of  huge2 
i~s>  ,  c  _ryS— '  1  L,  blazing  suns,  with  our  sun 
and  its  attendant  planets 
^E-^  x  C  ^^X0  near  the  center  of  the 
system.  This  nebula  is 
i  °v  ^^  ^-,  distributed  in  two  nearly 
parallel  layers  having  the 
form  of  a  pair  of  millstones, 
being  very  thin  but  extend- 
ing laterally  to  distances 
of  which  we  can  form  no 
conception.  While  with 
an  uninterrupted  track  a 
lightning  express  train 
might  pass  around  our 
world — which  seems  large 
to  us— in  less  than  one  short 
month,  it  could  not  at  its 
highest  speed  accomplish 
the  distance  to  the  sun 


UN  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  109 

hundred  7ears !    But 


2.oo       d  k 

a    beam    of    light    flashes 

1  (  \>  ^      s~    """£  x    -^     across  that  space  in  eight 

minutes.      And     yet    this 
/     V     '  v~         /I  ^— ^ 

'    '     V   *-»  -         beam  of  light,  which  vastly1 

^^  c  , D  transcends2  in  speed  any- 

thing, we  know,  requires 
more  than  three  years  to 
travel  from  the  nearest 
fixed  star  to  the  earth, 
and  to  cross  the  extreme 
width  of  the  Milky  Way  it 
must  occupy  nearly  three 
thousand  years!  Even  this 
expresses  no  idea  of  the 
limits  of  the  visible  uni- 
verse. Other  nebulae  than 
our  own  are  visible  in 
space,  and  if  as  large  as 
our  own  must  be  so  distant 

r  _^/  _^  p  -— -  _  ^  that  the  light  cannot  reach 

our  system  in  one  million 

^  *  years! 


110  UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


LIBRARIES. 

By  far  the  largest  library 
in  the  world  is  the  National 
Library  at  Paris,  which,  in 
1874,  contained  2,000,000 
printed  books  and  150,000 
manuscripts.  Which  is  the 
next  largest  it  is  difficult  to 
say ;  for,  the  British  Mu- 
seum and  the  Imperial 
Library  at  St.  Petersburg 
both  had,  in  1874.  1,100,000 
volumes.  After  them  comes 
the  Royal  Library  of  Mu- 
nich1, with  its  900,000  books. 
The  Vatican  Library  of 
Rome  is  sometimes  er- 
roneously supposed  to  be 
among  the  largest,  while  in 
point  of  fact  it  is  surpassed, 
so  far  as  the  number  of 
volumes  goes,  by  more  than 
"?--  sixty  European  collections. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE.  Ill 

\  0;  .  25,500  It  contains  105,000  printed 
books,  and  25,500  manu- 
scripts. The  National  Lib- 
rary at  Paris  is  one  of  the 
very  oldest1  in  Europe,  hav- 
ing been  founded  in  1350, 
while  the  British  Museum 
dates  from  1753,  or  a  time 
more  than  four  hundred 
years  later.  In  the  United 
States2  the  largest  is  the 
Library  of  Congress  at 
Washington,  which,  in  1874, 
contained  261,000  volumes. 
The  Boston  Public  followed 
very  closely  after  it  with 
260,500  volumes,  and  the 
Harvard  University  collcc- 

\  tion  came  next  with  200,000. 
The  Astor  and  Mercantile 

£_  of  New  York  are  next,  eacli 
having5  148,000.  Among 

^     the  colleges,  after  Harvard's 
8 


UNVOCAL1ZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE. 


library,  comes  Yale's  with 

100,000.       Dartmouth's     is 
so 

next  with  50,000,  and  then 

comes  in  order  Cornell  with 
40,000,  the  University  of 
Virginia,  with  36,000,  Bow- 
doin  with  35,000,  the  Uni- 
versity oi'  South  Carolina 
with  30,000;  Ann  Arbor, 
30,000;  Amherst,  29,000; 
Princeton1, 28, 000;  Wesley- 
an,  25.500;  and  Columbia, 

-   26)000; 

'L    <  — New  York  Tribune. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


113 


NOTES. 

[The  Sections  referred  to  in  the  Notes  are  of  the  revised  Hand-Book,  unless 
otherwise  stated.] 


PAGE  5. 

1  Almost. — How  is  the  position  of  this 
phrase-sign  determined  ?    See  Sec.  245. 

2  Learning. — What  is  the  general  dis- 
tinction as  to  the  mode  of  writing  ing 
in  nouns  and  participles  ?     Stating  the 
best  reasons  you  can  for  the  difference 
of  use.    Seo.  112,  Rem. 

3  Such,  as  Hie.— Wherein  is  the  form 
given   in    the    engraving    superior  to 
Bohays-Betoid. 

4  Carthusian. — How   would    the    first 
syllable    be    vocalized?      And    where 
should  the  u  be  written  ?    How  would 
the  ta  be  best  written  ?     Sees.  169, 108, 
136. 

6  Duties. — Where    should    the   u   be 
written?     Stating  the  rule.     Sec.  106. 

6  Derived. — How  might  the  first  vowel 
be  written  ?    Sec.  169,  4. 

7  Under  what  rule  is  this  phrase-sign 
made?     How  is    the    position    deter- 
mined?    If  the   character  is  written 
through  the  line,  why  is  it  not  reckoned 
as  of  the  third  position  ?   Sees.  211,  209. 

8  Qualifications. — How  should  wo  be 
written?     What  consonant  is  omitted 
in   this  acs   outline?     And  why  is  it 
omitted  ?     Sees.  169,  4  ;  235,  4. 

9  Task. — Where  should  the  vowel  be 
written  ?     If  not  before  the  Kay,  why 
not?    Sec.  108. 

10  Esteemed. — What  is  the  position  of 
this  word,  and  what  rule  determines 
the  position  ?    Sec.  219,  1. 

11  Apart. — How  must  the   a  of  this 
word  be  written?    If  not  before  the 
consonant  sign,   why   not?     Sec.  169, 
1,  c. 


PAGE  6. 

1  Monks. — What  is  the  proper  vowel 
in  this  word,  and  where  should  it  be 
written,  and  why  ?    Sec.  106,  2. 

2  Furnished.. — How  is  the  first  syllable 
vocalized  ?     Sec.  169,  3. 

3  Round  the.  — State  two  good  reasons 
for  writing  the  the  upward  here  (Ketoid), 
instead  of  by  Petoid. 

4  Copyists. — How  can  you  best  write 
the  vowels  expressed  by  the  yi  of  this 
word?    Sec.  129. 

5  Filled. — How   would  this  word  be 
vocalized  ?    What  is  its  proper  position, 
and  how  is  it  determined  ?    Sees.  169, 
219. 

•>  Intrust  the. — Why  not  write  the  up- 
ward here  ? 

'•  Skill. — How  would  this  form  be  vo- 
calized ?  State  any  good  reason  for  con- 
sidering it  more  legible  than  Skay-El 
(the  old  outline  for  such  words  as  skill, 
scale,  school)  ? 

8  Requiring  the. — How  is  ing  disposed 
of  here  ?  What  expresses  the  ?  Sec.  113. 

PAGE  7. 

1  Distracted. — How  is  the  r  expressed 
or  implied  here  ?    Sec.  173. 

2  Adjuration. — How  is    the   vowel  u 
written  with  this  form  ?    Sec.  169,  4. 

3  Hast. — Where  is  the  instruction  for 
writing  has,  were,  etc.,  instead  of  hast, 
wert,  etc.  ?    Page  312,  Rem.  7. 

PAGE  8. 

1  Ethelwold. — How  is  the  downward 
direction  of  Weld  justified  here  ?  Why 
is  not  the  sign  to  be  read  Int?  Sec. 


114 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRB8PONDIX0  STYLE. 


Ill,  2,  showing  that  shortening  to  add 
either  t  or  d  applies. 

2  Bibliographer. — How  are  the  vowels 
io  best  written  here  ?  Sec.  136. 

PAGE  9. 

1  Recent.— What  is  the  rule  for  writing 
the  r  here  ?    Sec.  153,  2. 

2  And  was. — What  is  the  rule  for  writ- 
ing and  here  ?    Sec.  71,  Rem.  1. 

3  A  Fellow. — As   Ketoid   for  a  could 
not  be  quite  conveniently  prefixed  to 
Fel  and  Thel    and    their    mates,   use 
Tetoid  instead  ;  and,  therefore,  disjoin 
or  preceding  them. 

*  An  earnest. — What  is  the  rule  for 
writing  r  here  ?  Sec.  153,  3. 

5  He. — What  is  the  rule  for  writing  he 
in  the  acs  (=  advanced  corresponding 
style)  and  in  the  rs  ?    i£f-  One  of  the 
very    useful    Standard  -  Phonographic 
characteristics,  is  the  A-tick.     Sec.  146, 
Rerus.  4  and  5.   The  tick  below  the  line, 
Chetoid3,  is  used  in  the  reporting-style 
for  how.      See   How  in  the  Standard- 
Phonographic  Dictionary. 

6  The  rule  of  Sec.  161,  6,  is  conformed 
to  here,  for  Shel  does  not  stand  alone ; 
but  the  word  social  may  be  written  by 
the  reporter  Iss-Shel  even  when  alone, 
if  he  is  particular  to  write   the  Shel 
more  inclined  than  Shen  would  natur- 
ally be. 

"  What  is  the  rule  for  representing 
s  in  such  words  as  science  ?  Sec.  58,  1. 

8  What  is  the  rule  for  writing  r  in 
such  words  as  remained,  room,  etc.? 
Sec.  153,  2. 

PAGE  10. 

1  Why  are  gt  in  this  word  represented 
by    the    Steh    loop?      Compare    with 
similar  words,  as  step,  state,  etc. 

2  The  article  a-n  is  generally  joined 
with  preceding  words  represented  by 
a  brief  sign,  Iss.  Scs,  Well.  Wuh,  Yeh, 
Yuh,  or  tick  or  dash.     Hence  you  will 
generally  write  the  following  phrases  : 
of -a.  to-a,  or-a,  but-a,  on-a,  should-a, 
auii-a,  is-a,  as-a,  has-a,  with-a,  were-a, 


what-a,  would-a,  beyond-a.  This  equal- 
ises the  phrase-forms,  iff  But  re- 
member that,  in  other  cases,  a  or  an  is 
almost  always  joined  with  a  following 
word,  while  tfie,  for  greater  distinct- 
ness, is  almost  always  joined  with  the 
preceding  word.  For  history  of  the 
Standard-Phonographic  a-n-d  tick,  see 
page  41  of  Biographical  Sketch  of  Dr. 
James  W.  Stone  (12mo.  cloth,  25  cents  ; 
paper,  10  cents). 

3  Rather  than. — How  is  than  added 
here  ?  Refer  to  the  rule.  What  is  the 
position  of  this  phrase?  How  is  the 
position  of  lengthened  strokes  deter- 
mined? JKf  In  the  Old  (or  Ninth- 
edition)  Phonography,  the  basis  of 
Graham's  improvements,  only  CUBVE- 
sigus  were  lengthened,  to  add  ONLY  thr 
(as  in  their).  Graham  made  it  the  rule 
to  add  also  tr,  ctr,  and  thr,  giving  license 
to  lengthen  Ing  to  add  kr  or  gr.  He 
extended  the  rule  of  lengthening  also 
to  straight  lines  in  the  reporting  style, 
with  an  occasional  highly  useful 
trebling:  as  Wendher2,  on?  (an)-other ; 
Wen-dherdher2.  one  ( an  )  other  their  ; 
(Jhaydher1,  each  other ;  Chaydherdher1, 
each  other  their ;  Raydtier'2,  rather ; 
Raydherdher-,  rather  t/iere  (or  their). 
See  under  "  DHB,"  p.  107  Standard- 
Phonographic  Dictionary. 

PAGE  11. 

1  Manual. — What  would  be  the  cs 
form  for  this  word  ? 

PAGE  12. 

1  What  rule  determines  the  position 
of  this  word  ?     Sec.  245. 

2  See  Note  6,  Page  9  (on  this  page). 

PAGE  13. 

1  Horseshoes. — What  does  the  form  for 
this  word  rudely  resemble  ? 

'-  Artificial. — Why  is  Ret  in  this  word 
written  above  the  line?  Sec.  219.  1. 
How  many  positions  are  there  in  the 
cs  for  words  that  are  not  sign-words? 
Sees.  .72,  53. 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


Ill 


PAGE  14. 

'  Prin II-I-K.—  What  is  the  position  for 
this  word,  how  is  it  determined,  and 
what  part  of  the  word  is  assigned  the 
position  1 

2  To  your. — What  rule  determines  the 
position  of  this  phrase-sign  ?     See.  245. 

3  Let  it  be. — What  rule  determines  the 
position  of  this  phrase-sign  ? 

•»  Emperor. — What  is  the  rule  for 
writing  the  two  c's  of  this  word  ?  Sec. 
153,  5. 

5  Antoninus. — What  is  the  position  of 
this  word,  and  how  is  it  determined? 
Sec.  219,  Rem. 

PAGE  15. 

1  Numbers    are  usually  written   by 
figures. 

2  Why  is  il  here  written  by  El  ?     Sec. 
156,  1. 

3  How  may  the  ai  be  expressed  ?  Sec. 
98. 

4  What  is  the  rule  for  writing  the 
vowel  between  Iss  and  Esh'on?     Sec. 
198. 

5  Not2  being  a  word-sign  for  nature, 
under  what   instruction   do  you  write 
the  pivJix  un  aud  the  affix  ally?    Why 
should  not  the  El  come  on  the  line? 
Page  245,  2,  a,  d. 

6  How  is    it   best    to   write  the  two 
vowels  id.     Sec.  136. 

'  How  is  the  Sper  to  be  vocalized  for 
-spire  ?  S-3C.  16!),  4. 

8  What  is  the  real  vowel  here,  and 
how  is  it  expressed  with  the  common 
vowel  scale  ? 

9  How  may  be  be  added  to  may  ?   And 
how  is  their  added  ?     Sec.  204,  Rem.  3  ; 
Sec.  211. 

ln  As  of  the  is  here  preceded  by  a 
pause,  it  is  written,  and  not  implied  by 
nearness. 

PAGE  16. 
1  Give  a  good  reason  for  here  joining 


an  with  the  preceding  rather  than  the 
following  word. 

2  What  rule  determines  the  position 
of  this  word  ?    Sec.  246,  2. 

3  What  determines   the  position  of 
this  phrase-sign  ?     Sec.  245. 

4  Under  what  scheme,  or  principle,  do 
you  vocalize  the  three  words,  curious, 
scltolar,  jealous  ?    Sec.  169. 

6  Iss-llend  being  surround,  why  do 
you  use  the  En-stroke  for  the  n  in  sur- 
rounded ?  Sec.  212,  Rem.  6. 

PAGE  17. 

1  Under  what  instruction  is  Nel  used 
for  nl  in  the  acs  ?    See  first  page  of  the 
Introduction  of  this  book. 

2  How  are  two  vowels  to  be  placed  to 
one  consonant  stroke  ?    Sec.  99. 

3  What   is  the   second  diphthong  in 
this  word,  Isaiah,  and  how  is  it  to  be 
expressed?    Sec.  98. 

PAGE  18. 

1  What  determines    the  position  of 
this  phrase-sign  ?    Sec.  245. 

2  What  is  the  rule  for  writing  deriva- 
tive word-signs,   as  accounted  derived 
from  account?   Sees.  261,  Rem.  2;  212, 
Rem.  6. 

s  Tetoid  (for  a  in  place  of  and  im- 
plying ing)  is  better  than  Ketoid  would 
be,  because  more  variant  from  the 
direction  of  the  stroke.  Sees.  112-114. 

PAGE  19. 

1  Anterior.— W hat  is  the  form  for  this 
word  in  the  cs  ?   The  acs  represents  the 
t  here  by  shortening  the  n.     The   re- 
porter drops  the  rr,  writing  the  ant  in 
the  third  position,  thus  distinguishing 
the  word  from  Net2,  nature,  and  Net1, 
interior.    The  engraving  shows  how  to 
make  the  angle  between  the  strokes  of 
this  word  sharp,  and   therefore  easy; 
namely,  by  making  Net  quite  curved, 
and  Ray-Ray  quite  slanting. 

2  Century. — This  word  also  shows  the 
same  mode  of  making  the  junction,  as 


116 


UNVOCALIZED  CORRESPONDING  Wl'LE. 


was  spoken  of  in  the  preceding  note. 
This  form  is  the  natural  introduction 
to  the  reporting  word-sign.  Sent-,  for 
century. 

PAGE  20. 

1  See  Hand-Book,  Sec.  80. 

2  See  Hand-Book,  Sec.  80. 

3  The  best  rule  for  the  joining  of  the 
and  tick  is,  to  use  the  horizontal  tick 
(Ket-oid)  when  convenient;  otherwise 
use  the  perpendicular  tick   (Tet-oid). 
Before  Fel,  Vel,  Thel,  Dhel,  Tel,  Del, 
Choi,    Jel,    Tet'oid    is    necessarily    or 
preferably  used.     Before  Pel  and  Bel, 
Ketoid  is  easily  used. 

PAGE  21. 

1  Through   the  day. — In    the    acs   the 
word-signs  especially  may  be  joined  to 
their  connected  words. 

2  Raving. — The  Ing  stroke  is  usually 
the  best  sign  for  -ing  in  NOUNS  (so  that  we 
may  pluralize  clearly  by  adding  the  cir- 
cle) and  in  ADJECTIVES  (so  that  we  may 
join  the  adjective   to  its  noun) ;  while 
in  present   participles,   the   Ing-dot  is 
usually  best,   so  that  we   may  write  a 
following  a-n-d  or  the.  in  its  place.    But 
occasional  exceptions  occur,  as  in  Bee2- 
Ing  for  Iteing  (the  present  participle  as 
well  as  noun),  and  in  Ref:'ing'  for  the 
adjective  raring  (also  at  times  a  noun  ; 
as  "  such  raving  "  ;  also  a  present  par- 
ticiple, as  "was  raving"). 

PAGE  22. 

1  JoJinson. — Why  is  not  this  the  simple 
circle  here,  and  how  do  you  know  that 
it  implies  an  En-hook  ?  Sec.  187,  Eem. 
3. 

PAGE  23. 

1  How  may  this  word  be  shortened 
for  acs  and  rs  ?  Page  313,  Rem.  16. 

PAGE  24. 

1  Why  should  d  be  here  expressed  by 
Dee  rather  than  by  shortening?  Sec. 
216,  2.  Why  will  it  answer  to  express 
the  d  by  shortening  in  bodily?  Sec. 


230,  Rem.  2.  In  the  ars,  Bed1  is  a  con- 
venient word-sign  for  fimli/ :  rr»'/-v/»»///. 
Ver2-Bed :  anybody,  Ku^Bed  ;  tinlmiii/, 
En^-Bed. 

PAGE  25. 

1  The  acs  writer  may  join  words 
(especially  sign-words)  when  closely 
related,  and  if  the  junction  is  easy. 

-  What  is  the  usual  sign  for  ii'illi  as  a 
prefix,  and  what  is  its  usual  position  '>. 
See,  in  the  Standard  -  Phonographic 
Dictionary,  With.  p.  817  ;  and  compare 
and  practice  withal,  Dhee--Lay  :  rn\<s, 
Dhel1  ;  withdraw,  Dhee--Der  (rs  Dhee1- 
Der,  that  is,  first  position  if  deemed 
necessary)  ;  within,  «'.«,  Dhent1 ;  villmtil, 
IPS,  Dhet3 ;  ivithstan<l,  Dhee--Stend  (rs, 
do.). 

3  Pronounced  on-wf1. 

PAGE  26. 

1  How,  if  thought  necessary,  could 
the  ie  be  expressed  ?  Sees.  136' ;  169,  4. 

PAGE  27. 

1  How  is  -Wenr.ss  or  -fulness  written? 
Sec.  232,  2.  This  disjoined  si<<i]  may 
be  regarded  as  the  final  Iss  of  the  fully 
written  affix. 

PAGE  28. 

1  Vigilance  is  a  good  instance  of  an 
offset  being  used  for  a  hook. 

PAGE  29. 

1  What  is  the  rule  for  joining  the  I 
here?    Sec.  101. 

2  How  would  this  outline  be  vocal- 
ized ?    Sec.  169,  3. 

3  Here  the  elongation  of  the  "  circle  " 
is  to  imply  the  El-hook. 

4  What  is  the   rule   for  writing  con- 
current vowel  signs  ?    Sec.  99. 

PAGE  30. 

1  How  should  me  be  written  to  read 
between  the  consonants  of  Tel  here  ? 
Sec.  169,  4. 


UX  VOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


117 


2  For  adding  are  or  our  by  the  Ar- 
hook,  sco  Sec.  178,  Retii.  5.  Sec  under 
Are  in  the  Standard  -  Phonographic 
Dictionary. 

PAGE  31. 

1  Or,  in  the  act  the  Ray  may  be  omit- 
tfil  from  pu'piisf.  and  its  derivatives. 

PAGE  33. 

1  How  is  the  large  circle  vocalized? 
Sec.  65. 

2  What  is  the  rule  for  joining  ou  here  ? 
Sec.  101. 

3  In  is  a  preposition,  on  which  de- 
pends the  object — a  very  short  time. 

1  How  is  -1>1  e  written  when  Bel  cannot 
be  conveniently  employed  ?  Sec.  232,  1. 

PAGE  36. 

1  Perspire. — AVrite  I  with  one  stroke 
(the  second)  of  the  angle  through  Sper, 
to  have  it  read  between  the  p  and  r. 

PAGE  37. 

1  Cleanliness. — Observe  how  the  Kel 
runs  tip  slightly,  to  compensate  for 
the  downward  En-hook  ;  and  how  only 
as  much  of  that  is  made  as  will  join 
with  the  Lay  ;  that  is  an  offset  is  used 
instead  of  the  complete  hook. 

PAGE  38. 

1  Which   cannot    be    is    as    nattiral  a 
phrase  in  writing  as  in  speech. 

2  7s  not— what  ?     Is  not  brought;  and 
not  simply  brought,  but  brought  out 

3  The  preposition  in  has  for  its  object 
here  a  very  few  minutes.    It  is  convenient 
to  break  the  phrase  up,  thus  :  in-a-very 
few-minutes. 

PAGE  40. 

1  You  are. — Occasionally,  as  here. 
Ray  is  a  more  convenient  sign  for  are, 
than  its  usual  sign  Ar. 

PAGE  41. 

i  Which  side  of  the  Telt  should  the 
vowel-circle  be  placed?  Sec.  1G9,  1,  b. 


2  Derivatives  are  generally  written  on 
the  basis  of  the  primitive,  as  carbon, 
Ker-Ben  ;  car6ona<e,,Ker-Ben-Tee. 

PAGE  42. 

1  Here,   lapping    instead   of    joining 
saves  us  from  the  long  form,  Eus-Ith- 
Tee-Kay.     Making  a  distinct  angle  be- 
tween Thct  and    Kay  would  be  more 
troublesome  than  the  lapping. 

2  Omitting  the    n    from   this  word, 
secures  an  easy  form,  instead  of  the 
full  form,  Dee-En-Tee-Kel. 

PAGE  43. 

1  Use  Tetoid  for  a-n-d  before  Tel,  Del, 
Thel,  and  Dhel,  because   more    easily 
joined  than  Ketoid. 

2  The  author's  plan  for  -ing  the  sug- 
gested   the    affix-sign    for    -ingly,  the 
heaviness   serving  to   distinguish   the 
latter  from  the  former.    Sec.  232,  5. 

PAGE  44. 

i  Pre  is  written  disjoined,  in  order  to 
keep  the  ordinary  form  for  historic. 

PAGE  45. 

1  Remember  that  Ret  —  "the  first 
stroke  not  horizontal " — is  to  be  written 
in  the  required  position. 

PAGE  46. 

1  A  slight  offset  answers  for  the  El- 
hook  in  this  word. 

2  As  Fel  cannot  be  used  easily  here 
for  -fully,  the  primary  consonant  signs 
for/-/  are  used  instead. 

PAGE  47. 

1  For  representation  of  ia  see  Sec. 
136. 

PASE  50. 

1  Wound  (  =  woond)  is  distinguished 
by  this  form  from  wound  (to  wind), 
which  is  written  by  Wend. 


118 


UNV DUALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


PAGE  52. 

1  How  is  the  vowel  written   to  read 
between  the  /  an<J  I  of  Jillh.  and  the  t 
and  )•  of  starts  ? 

2  Observe  how  the  angle  is  short'-ju'd 
here  by  greater  curvature  than  usual 
of  Ned  and  greater  slant  than  usual  of 
Red. 

PAGE  53. 

1  To  make  the  junction  easy,  make 
an  offset  simply  for  the  Eti-hook. 

2  Throughout  the  world. — The  Meisbest 
dropped  here  as  interfering  with  the 
easy  writing  of  a-  familiar  phrase,  and 
as  readily  supplied. 

PAGE  54. 

1  Notorious. — To  make  the  angle  easy 
here,  make  the  curve  more  curved  than 
usual,  and  make  the  Bay  quite  slant- 
ing. 

2  How  is  the  wait,  of  the  first  syllable 
written  ? 

PAGE  59. 

1  As  the  Ketoid  for  a  would  make 
with  the  following  word  in  this  case  a 
poor  junction,  it  is  joined  rather  with 
the  preceding  word,  said. 

PAGE  61. 

1  Shorten  the  Dee,  to  express  the 
second  consonant ;  then,  that  the  short- 
ened letter  may  be  clear,  make  a  slight 
angle  between  that  and  the  following 
En. 

PAGE  62. 

1  Heales  is  here  best  written  with  Els 
(instead  of  Lay),  so  that  we  may  add 
mile  with  its  customary  sign  Vel. 

2  In  the  acs  it  is  well  to  use  the  rs 
Mel,  Nel,  and  Rel,  in  words  in  which 
they  are  convenient. 

3  Drl   Tdrtiu'gaz. —  How   should  you 
write  the  vowel  of   Tor,  to  show  that 
it  is  to  be  read  between  the  t  and  r  ? 
If  you  do  not  feel  perfectly  conversant 


with  any  principle  as  it  occurs  in  prac- 
tice, make  it  a  point  to  thoroughly 
study  it.  In  this  way,  you  will  become 
a  good  phonographer.  The  same  prin- 
ciple of  study  in  everything  is  very  im- 
portant. Refer,  as  imperfect  knowledge 
or  ignorance  suggests  the  need,  to  some 
good  dictionary  (as  the  Standard-Phono- 
graphic Dictionary,  n-ln'ii  i/nn  ilo  notft't'l 
positive,  as  to  an  outline  of  a  word  you 
are  writing),  or  to  some  good  encyclo- 
paedia, as  Chambers',  Appletou's,  or 
Zell's. 

PAGE  64. 

1  The  other  may  be  written  (by  the  acs 
or  rs  writer)  Dheedher2 — a  form  har- 
monizing with  Endher2,  another. 

PAGE  67. 

i  Here  Ray  (instead  of  Ar)  is  used  for 
are,  to  secure  an  easy  junction  in  the 
writing  of  the  phrase. 

PAGE  70. 

1  The  simple  circle  is  turned  in  the 
most  convenient  way  ;  when  turned 
the  other  way  something  more  than  .«  or 
z  is  naturally  implied,  as,  in  this  case, 
an  Ar-hook. 

PAGE  71. 

1  Serous  =thin,  watery  ;  like  whey. 

PAGE  72. 

1  Writing  under  to  imply  con-m,  as  in 
the  rs  may  be  used  by  the  acs  writer  in 
convenient  cases. 


PAGE  73. 

1  To  make  this  combination  (Dee-Ef- 
Shay)  regard  it  as  a  double-size  Dee- 
shon3 ;  to  which  add  Eu-Es. 

PAGE  74. 
1  See  Sec.  204,  Reni.  4. 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING   STYLE. 


119 


PAGE  75. 

1  Lnmar-tfn-.—TIovf  is  accent   noted 
in  Phonography?    See  "Punctuation," 
etc.,  Sees.  78-86. 

2  Why  is   not    shortened   Lay  made 
heavy  when  adding  d?    Sec.  213,  Rein. 
4. 

:!  See  Sec.  80. 

1  There  are  in  this  page  four  good 
illustrations  of  the  writing  of  ing,  in 
nouns  and  adjectives,  by  Ing-stroke, 
rather  than  Ing-dot :  overflowing,  suffer- 
ing, glowing,  charming.  The  present 
participle  more  naturally  uses  the  Ing- 
dot  ;  as,  "  was  overflowing,  suffering, 
glowing,  charming." 

PAGE  76. 

1  A  frequent  grammatical  error  is  the 
use  of  tike  for  as.  The  sentence  should 
have  commenced,  "  As  with  all  French- 
men." 

PAGE  88. 

1  Better  forms  for  compound  words 
(and  sometimes  for  phrases)  are  secured 
by  expressing  their  consonants  in  the 
briefest  manner,  instead  of  simply 
joining  the  forms  of  the  component 
words  ;  as  in  Wer-Ker-Em,  workroom ; 
Tlent1,  itwillnot. 

PAGE  89. 

1  A  slight  offset  is  here  used  for  Ar- 
hook  of  Mer. 

PAGE  92. 

1  Observe  that  throuf/h  joins  which 
without  an  angle.  Make  Ther-Chay 
and  contrast  it  with  Therdher,  and 
learn  thus  to  distinguish  them. 

PAGE  93. 

1  That  is,  fo'th.  In  the  acs  and  rs  it 
is  convenient  to  omit  the  r,  especially 
in  those  cases  where  we  have  heard  the 
words  pronounced  without  the  r ;  fo'th, 
learning,  mo'ning. 


2  The  Way-hook  is  here  made  by  an 
offset,  the  pen  running  backward  a 
little  on  the  a-tick. 

PAGE  94. 

1  To  make  this  outline  most  easily, 
keep  on  the  heaviness  from  the  middle 
of  Way  to  the  middle  of  Ing,  making  a 
smooth  junction  instead  of  an  angle. 

PAGE  97. 

1  See  Sees.  201,  Kern.  4  ;  112-114. 

2  As  the  natural  form  for  aired  (Ard) 
will  not  join  easily  with  well,  Bed  is 
substituted. 

PAGE  105. 

1  Land   is   here   written    downward 
because  making  a  sharper  and  easier 
angle  with  in  than  would  be  made  by 
the  customary  form  for  land,  Lend. 

2  Written  Bee3  =  to  be  plus  En-hook 
for  n  of  been,  the  have  being  readily 
supplied  (as  frequently  by  the  advanc- 
ed writer)  before  been  or  done. 

3  To  make  better  room  for  the  vowel 
of  Jut,  write  'land  downward. 

PAGE  106. 

1  It  is  a  general  principle  of  phrase- 
writing  to  join  to  a  preposition  its  ob- 
ject ;  as  here  join  which  to  by ;  to  in  in 
the  next  line  join  the  dependent  its 
(part  of  the  object  of  the  preposition) ; 
in  the  next  line,  to  at  join  which. 

PAGE  107. 

1  Nor  [=  north]  plus  wich  [=vicus,  a 
village],  usually  pronounced  Nor-ij. 

2  In  nouns  -ing  is  generally  best  writ- 
ten with  the  Ing-stroke. 

PAGE  108. 

1  Nebula,  the  Latin  word  for  cloud,  is 
applied  in  astronomy  to  groups  of  suns, 
somewhat  corresponding  to  archipel- 
agos. 


120 


UNVOCALIZED   CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


2  ITuge  is  primarily  written  h-n-j  : 
that  is.  Jay,  vocalized  with  fi,  aspirated 
with  the  A-dot.  In  the  rs  it  is  best 
written  Retold -Jay3,  the  Retold  being 
the  A-tick,  and  serving  to  distinguish 
huge  from  Jay3,  large. 

PAGE  109. 

1  See  Sec.  236,  3. 

2  See  Sec.  236,  Rem.  1. 

PAGE  110. 

1  Mil-nidi.—  This  vowel  is  produced  by 
the  synchronous  utterance  of  e  and  66. 
It  is  represented  by  a  parallel  dash  in 
the  first  place. 

PAGE  111. 

1  As  the  termination  est  is  usually 
written  by  Steh  loop,  it  is  desirable  to 


use  the  loop  in  some  such  words  as 
tilil'-al.  li/inlrgt,  although  the  vnwel  '  can 
not  be  written  ;  but  it  can  readily  be 
supplied. 

"  To  have,  as  is  desirable,  a  phrase- 
form  for  this  term,  the  form  for  .v/u/ix 
(Steh-Teos)  is  changed  to  the  joiiiable 
form  Iss-Tets.  Why  not  always  write 
States  by  Iss-Tets  ?  Because  the  word 
state  as  to  form  naturally  goes  with  step 
(Steh-Pee),  stitcli  (Steh-Chay),  stuck  ,SK -h- 
Kay),  and  because  Steh-Tee  can  be 
shortened  to  Steh-Tet  for  stated. 

3  The  advanced  writer  may  cultivate 
the  rs  habit  of  adding  have  by  the  Vee- 
hook  when  convenient. 


PAGE  112. 

1  Though  prince  would  properly  lie 
written  by  Prens,  we  here  use  the  Ens- 
stroke  as  better  joining  with  Ten  =  ton 
(  =  town). 


Price-List  of  A.  J.  OR  AH  AM  &  CO.,  744  Broadway,  N.  Y. 

WORKS  ON   STANDARD   PHONOGRAPHY 

AND   OTHER  SUBJECTS 

BY 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM,  A.  M. 


"  Mr.  Graham  is  eminently  export  in  his  profession.  He  has  devoted 
his  life  to  the  perfection  of  the  art  of  reporting.  By  his  books, 
lessons,  and  various  efforts,  he  has  done  more  to  perfect  Phonography 
than  any  living  reporter." — Rev.  HENRY  WARD  BEECHEK. 

The  Little  Teacher.— Comprises :  1.  THE  OUTLINE,  presenting  all 
the  chief  elements  of  Standard  Phonography  in  eight  primer-size 
pages  :  2.  THE  LITTLE  READING  EXEHCISES — furnishing  in  1G  little 
pages  an  exercise  on  each  section  of  the  Outline.  3.  Miniature 
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Phrase-Signs.  Prefixes,  and  Affixes  of  the  Corresponding  Style. 
jg®"  The  Little  Teacher  is  a  useful  pocket  companion  for  students 
of  the  Synopsis  or  Hanil-Jiuok.  Price,  cloth,  40ct8. ;  paper,  25cts. 

The  Synopsis. — New  and  Revised  edition. — Comprises  :  1.  The  Syn- 
njisis  (in  29  duodecimo  pages)  of  all  the  Principles  of  the  Corres- 
ponding Style,  unmistakably  presented,  with  numerous  engraved 
illustrations.  2.  "The  Correspondent's  List" — 12nio  edition — 
comprising  an  alphabetical  list  of  Corresponding  Word-Signs,  Con- 
tractions, Phrase-Signs,  Prefixes,  and  Affixes.  3.  "  The  Reading 
Exercises" — in  which  there  is  an  extended  illustration  and  appli- 
cation of  each  section  of  the  text ;  followed  by  several  pages  of 
connected  reading  matter,  with  an  interlined  translation.  This 
edition  is  well  adapted  to  the  use  of  either  Classes  or  Private  Stu- 
dents. J8ST1  This  is  a  highly  useful  book  for  students  of  the  Hand- 
Book,  in  making  frequent  reviews  of  the  elements. — Price,  50  cts. 

The  Haiicl-Book. — New  and  Revised  edition. — Presents  every  prin- 
ciple of  every  style  of  the  Art  in  such  a  Form  and  Manner,  with 
such  Fullness  of  Explanation  and  Completeness  of  Illustration, 
and  with  such  other  features  as  to  fully  adapt  the  work  to  the  use 
of  Schools  and  to  Self-Instruction.  400  duodecimo  pages  (52  being 
engraved  exercises),  to  which  are  appended  41  pages  of  a  Brief 
Phonographic  Qictionary.  Price,  bound  in  muslin,  with  embossed 
side-title,  $2.00;  post-paid,  $2.10. 

'•FULL,  CONCISE,  and  PHILOSOPHICAL  in  its  development  of  the 
theory  of  writing  by  sound,  ADMIRABLE  in  its  arrangement,  and  RE- 
PLETE with  IMPROVEMENTS  and  refinements  on  the  Art  as  previously 
defined,  it  affords  the  learner  a  safe,  means  of  obtaining  a  speed  in 
reporting  at  least  one  fourth  greater  titan  can  be  acquired  by  any  other 
method."— New  York  Herald. 

First  Reader. — New  and  Revised  Edition  :  Stereographed  in  the  Cor- 
responding Style ;  with  interpaged  Key  ;  with  Questions  ;  and  with 
Notes.  £  1.75  ;  postpaid,  $1.81. 

Second  Header. — New  and  Revised  Edition  :  Stereographed  in  the 
Reporting  Style,  with  Key  and  Notes.  To  be  studied  in  connection 
with  the  Reportmg-Style  chapter  of  the  Hand-Book.  $1.75  ;  post- 
paid, $1.81. 


Price-list  of  A.  J.  GRAHAM  &  CO.,  744  Broadicay,  N.  Y. 

Standard-Phonographic  Dictionary.—"  The  last  great  crowning 
work  of  the  Standard  Series,"  gives  the  pronunciation  and  the 
best  outlines  (Corresponding,  Advanced-Corresponding,  and  li>  - 
porting)  of  about  60,000  words,  and  the  forms  for  about  60.0UO 
phrases.  Beyond  comparison  with  any  shorthand  dictionary  or 
vocabulary  ever  published.  Invaluable  to  writers  of  either  style. 
Cloth,  $5 ;  full  leather,  $6  ;  genuine  morocco,  $7 ;  Octavo-form 
(from  the  same  plates),  with  wide  margins,  cloth,  $6  ;  leather,  $8 ; 
morocco,  $9. 

The  Reporter's  List. — With  engraved  forms,  combining  in  one  list, 
in  chart-like  form,  and  in  phonographic-ali>habetical  order,  all  the 
Word-Signs,  Contractions,  etc.,  contained  in  lists  in  the  Hand-Book, 
and  with  many  thousand  other  words  for  COMPARISON,  CONTRAST. 
and  DISTINCTION,  with  explanations  in  the  corresponding  style. 
1,000  engraved  pages  and  139  pages  of  common  print,  consisting 
of  Preface,  Inlroilitction,  Kutes,  and  Index.  The  Indue  is  arranged  in 
the  common-alphabetical  order,  which  permits  the  easy  finding  of 
any  word  or  phrase  in  the  book.  A  very  valuable  work.  Total 
number  of  pages,  1,139.  Price,  cloth,  $3.50  ;  leather,  $4.50  ;  mor- 
occo, $5.50. 

Practice-IJook  Series. — TICS  =  Unvocalized  Corresponding  Style.  En- 
graved in  the  Advanced-Corresponding  Style,  with  Key  and  Ques- 
tions and  Notes.  Very  useful  for  practice  in  reading  or  writing 
without  the  vowels.  Composed  of  short  articles  on  scientific  ai.u 
literary  matters.  Very  interesting  and  instructive.  12mo,  1'2'2 
pages.  Cloth.  Price,  $1.25. 

ICR=  Intercolumn  Reporting  Sty!e.  A  series  of  Business  Letters  en- 
graved in  the  Keporting  Style  in  one  column,  and  in  the  adjoining 
column  (most  convenient  for  reference),  Key,  Notes,  and  Ques- 
tions. Many  of  these  letters  were  receive:!  from  phonographers, 
having  been  dictated  to  them  by  their  employers,  and  furnish  a 
great  variety  of  subjects  and  styles  of  composition.  This  book 
will  prove  invaluable  to  the  student  preparing  for  office  work. 
12mo,  166  pages.  Cloth.  Price,  $1.25. 

Lady  of  the  Lake.— By  Sir  Walter  Scott.  With  Frontispiece.  Stereo- 
graphed  in  the  Advanced-Corresponding  Style,  with  interpaged 
Key  ;  and  with  Notes.  Total  number  of  pages,  328.  Price,  $1.50  ; 
Morocco,  $3.00.  "A  beautiful  poem,  beautifully  engraved  in 
phonography." 

PERIODICAL,  VOLUMES. 

The  Student's  Journal.  —  A  monthly  20-page  quarto  devoted  to 
STANDARD  PHONOGRAPHY,  has  been  published  continuously  since  1872. 
THE  STUDENT'S  JOURNAL  is  the  oldest  and  best  phonographic  journal  in 
America.  Each  number  has  eight  pages  of  lithographed  phonography. 
News  of  importance  to  phonographers,  portraits,  biographical  sketches, 
and  fac-similes  of  the  reporting  notes  of  prominent  phonographers, 
are  frequently  given.  Subscription  price,  $1  per  year.  For  list  of 
bound  volumes  of  the  JOURNAL,  see  Price  List  of  Miscellaneous  Books 
and  Articles.  Sample  copy,  five  cents. 


ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS, 

744  Broadway,  New  York. 


COMPLETE  LIST  of  the  OFFICIAL  COURT  REPORTERS 
of  the  UNITED  STATES,  Showing  Nearly  One-Half  to 
be  Writers  of  GRAHAM'S  STANDARD  PHONOGRAPHY. 


An  accurate  list  of  the  OFFICIAL  Court  Reporters  of  all  the  States 
having  laws  for  their  appointment,  was  compiled  in  1893,  and  conclu- 
sively settled  the  question  as  to  which  system  is  most  generally 
used  by  the  expert  reporters  of  this  country.  In  addition  to  this 
list  there  are  hundreds  of  expert  reporters  who  write  the  Graham 
system  and  do  court  and  general  reporting  in  all  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories. A  copy  of  the  list  will  be  sent  free  to  any  address  on  application 
to  us. 

How  is  it  possible  to  present  more  convincing  evidence  of  the  great 
superiority  of  the  Graham  system,  which  for  thirty-seven  years  has 
been  subjected  to  the  most  thorough  tests? 

Total  number  whose  systems  are  known,  635. 

TOTALS  OF  EACH  SYSTEM  THAT  HAS  FIVE  PER  CENT.  OH  MOHE  OF  635  : 

Graham. . . .  305  [48  per  cent,  of  635]  —*mmmmm—^m^—~— 

BENU  PITMAN    77  [12        "  "      ]  — — 

MUXSON 74  [  12        "  "      ]  — — 

ISAAC  PITMAN    41  [  CJ       "  "      ]  — • 

GRAHAM,  mixed  with  other  systems,  32. 

UNSOLICITED  TESTIMONIALS  FROM  EXPERTS. 


From  Prof.  T.  J.  Ellinwood,  Official  Reporter  of  Henry  Ward 
Beecher's  Discourses  for  3O  Years. 

"  I  had  frequent  opportunities  for  observing  the  ease  and  accuracy 
with  which  he  [Andrew  J.  Graham]  performed  feats  of  reporting  that 
were  impossible  to  the  ordinary  stenographer  ;  and  so  convinced  was 
I  of  the  many  advantages  afforded  by  his  method  that  I  adopted  it ; 
and  ever  since  I  have  felt  greatly  indebted  to  him  for  his  numerous 
valuable  devices,  which  have  enabled  me,  as  a  shorthand  writer  and 
teacher,  to  do  my  work  with  far  greater  facility  and  satisfaction  than 
I  could  otherwise  have  done  it." 

From  the  Official  Reporters  of  the  (ieii'l  Conference  of  the  M.  E. 

Church.       OMAHA,  NEB..  May  18, 1892. 

We,  the  undersigned,  members  of  the  Staff  of  Official  Reporters  of 
the  Quadrennial  General  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  esteem  it  a  great  privilege  to  testify,  that,  after  many  years 
of  experience  in  shorthand  writing,  we  find  ourselves  fully  satisfied 
with  Graham's  Standard  Phonography.  We  have  had  individual  ex- 
perience varying  from  twelve  to  thirty-five  years  in  shorthand  writ- 
ing. We  have  had  much  work  to  do  in  ecclesiastical,  literary,  scien- 
tific, legal,  and  other  forms  of  reportorial  work,  and  have  found,  that 
the  more  closely  we  held  to  the  general  principles  of  Standard  Pho- 
nography, the  better  we  succeeded  in  our  work. 

We  are  agreed  that,  to  the  best  of  our  knowledge,  no  system  of  short- 
hand equals  that  of  Standard  Phonography  in  its  beauty,  brevity,  or 
conciseness  of  expression,  and  general  harmony  of  the  principles  pre- 
sented. (Signed)  WM.  D.  BRIDGE.  Chief  of  Staff. 

G.  G.  BAKER,  Member  of  Staff. 

D.  LEF.  AULTMAN,  Member  of  Staff. 

JOHN  J.  HILL,  Member  of  Staff. 


PRICE-LIST  of  ANDREW J.  OB  AH  AM  &  CO., 

744   Broadway,    X.    Y. 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS  AND  AETICLES. 

PREPAID 

*A  BOOK  OF  PEAYEK  (by  H.W.Beecher,  portrait)cl.  $0.75  $0.75 

*BIBLE  STUDIES  (by  Henry  Ward  Beecher),  cloth    1.50  1.50 

BRIEF  LONGHAND         -        -        -        -        -        -       .60  .60 

ENVELOPES — per  package         -         ...           .10  .10 

ALPHABET  (Phonographic).    LORD'S  PRATER  (Reporting  Style). 

GLANCE  AT  PHONOGRAPHY.      CHRISTIAN  NAMES. 

LESSONS  TO  AN  EX-(BENN)-PITMANITE — cloth       -      .25  .25 

"            "            "                           paper            .10  .10 

*  METAPHORS  AND  SIMILES — of  H.  W.  Beecher    -     1.00  1.00 
NOTE-BOOKS  (for  Pen  or  Pencil).     160  pages  -           .07  .13 
PAPER — Triple-Line  (red  lines),  per  quire   -        -       .15  .20 

"                  "          per  pkg.,  5  quires     .60  .85 

"          per  ream    -        -    2.10  3.00 
[To  points  where  the  express  rate  is  not  over  £ 5  per  100  Ibs., 
a  ream  can  be  sent  cheaper  by  express  than  by  mail.] 

*  PAYNE'S  BUSINESS  LETTER  WRITER    -        -        -      .50  .50 
PENCILS  (Graham's  Reporting) — per  dozen     -           .50  .50 

per  half-gross  -     1.70  1.90 

"                "              per  gross      -         3.40  3.80 

PENS  (Graham's  Phonographic),  steel,  per  gross    1.00  1.00 

"      per  doz.        .10  .12 

PHONOGRAPHIC  NUMERALS   -        -        -        -        -       .15  .15 

SUMNER'S  ' '  SHORTHAND  &  REPORTING  " — part  engr'd      .10  .10 
STUDENT'S  JOURNAL— 
MEMORIAL  NUMBER  (June,  '94),  containing  Por- 
trait, Biographical  Sketches  and  Fac-similes 

of  the  Reporting  Notes  of  Prof.  A.  J.  Graham       .10  .10 

VOLS.  I  to  V — odd  numbers  only,  per  number      .20  .20 

VI  to  XXIV— bound,  each          -        -         1.75  1.95 

VI,  VII,  VIII— in  one  vol.,  half  leather    3.50  3.75 

IX,  X,  XI— in  one  vol.,  half  leather  -         3.50  3.75 

XII,  XIII,  XIV— in  one  vol.,  half  leather    3.50  3.75 

XV,  XVI,  XVII— in  one  vol.,  half  leather    3.50  3.75 

XVIII,  XIX,  XX— in  one  vol.,  half  leather  3.50  3.75 

For  above  five  volumes,  if  ordered  at  one  time  15.00  15.00 

VOL.  XXV,  1896.     Subscription       -        -        -    1.00  1.00 

THE  STUDENT'S  JOURNAL  BINDER      -        -           .40  .60 
*TiiE  HIDDEN  MANNA  AND  THE  WHITE-STONE  (by  H. 
W.  Beecher,  with  Appendix  by  Mrs.  Beecher; 
and  with  portraits  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Beecher). 

Embossed  paper      -        -         -        -        -        -       .20  .20 

*  These  books  do  not  relate  to  nor  contain  shorthand. 


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